Structure of an object control system (OCS) for navigation of moving objects

ABSTRACT

This application discloses the structure of an object control system (OCS) for navigation of moving objects. The structure consists of cells that have circular, square, or hexagonal shape. The cells are identical with the same square meter (feet) area or in certain areas accommodate smaller cells within them. All cells have an operation frame with the same duration and a time of day for the start of first frame. All objects within a cell function as an IoT device and use a time slot within the operation frame to broadcast a time stamp, the operation frame structure and object&#39;s location coordinates.

The application claims priority to the following related applicationsand included here are as a reference.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/516,841 filed Nov. 2,2021.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/398,771 filed Aug. 10,2021.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/145,151 filed Jan. 8,2021.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/106,137 filed Nov. 29,2020.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/367,406 filed Jul. 4,2021.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/187,691 filed Feb. 26,2021.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/246,682 filed May 2,2021.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/984,995 filed Aug. 4,2020.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/743,354 filed Jan. 15,2020.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/386,124 filed Apr. 16,2019.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/888,175 filed Feb. 5,2018.

Application: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/193,373 filed Jun. 27,2016

BACKGROUND

Developing intelligent systems which take into consideration theeconomical, environmental, and safety factors of the modern society, isone of the main challenges of this century. Progress in the fields ofmobile robots, control architectures, artificial intelligence, advancedtechnologies, and computer vision allows us to now envisage a smartenvironment future.

It is safe to say that we are at the start of another industrialrevolution. The rise of the connected objects known as the “Internet ofThings” (IoT) will rival past technological marvels, such as theprinting press, the steam engine, and electricity. From the developedworld to developing world, every corner of the planet will experienceprofound economic resurgence. Even more remarkable is the speed withwhich this change will happen. A decade ago, there were about onebillion devices connected to internet. Today, there are close to 20billion. In five years, it could be close to 50 billion.

The rise of IoT also means we are at the start of a new age of data. Twochief components of an “IoT object” are its ability to capture data viasensors and transmit data via the Internet. The declining cost ofsensors since the start of the new millennium has been a main driver inthe rise of IoT. In short, sensors are dirt cheap today. This hasprofound implications on the ability to capture data.

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes a worldwide network ofintercommunicating devices. Internet of Things (IoT) has reached manydifferent players and gained further recognition. Out of the potentialInternet of Things application areas, Smart Cities (and regions), SmartCar and mobility, Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries,Public safety, Energy & environmental protection, Agriculture andTourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem have acquired high attention.

The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that aims to look at thebigger picture in which the Internet of Things fits. Yet, when you lookdeeper at IoE, you'll notice it really is also about the vision of adistributed network with a growing focus on the edge in times of ongoingdecentralization, some digital transformation enablers and a focus onIoT business outcomes.

While the Internet of Things today mainly is approached from theperspective of connected devices, their sensing capabilities,communication possibilities and, in the end, the device-generated datawhich are analyzed and leveraged to steer processes and power numerouspotential IoT use cases, the Internet of Everything concept wants tooffer a broader view.

The IoT based smart environments represent the next evolutionarydevelopment step in industries such as construction, manufacturing,transportation systems and even in sporting goods equipment. Like anyfunctioning organism, the smart environment relies first and foremost onIoT sensor data from the real world. Sensory data comes from multiplesensors of different modalities in distributed locations. The smartenvironment needs information about all its surroundings as well asabout its internal workings.

The challenge is determining the prioritized hierarchy of: (1) detectingthe relevant quantities, (2) monitoring and collecting the data, (3)assessing and evaluating the information, and (4) performingdecision-making actions. The information needed by smart environments isprovided by Distributed Sensor Systems, which are responsible forsensing as well as for the first stages of the processing hierarchy.

New types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smarthouse, in which appliances and services that provide notifications,security, energy-saving, automation, telecommunication, computers andentertainment are integrated into a single ecosystem with a shared userinterface. Obviously, not everything will be in place straight away.Developing the technology, demonstrating, testing, and deployingproducts, it will be much nearer to implementing smart environments by2020. In the future computation, storage and communication services willbe highly pervasive and distributed: people, smart objects, machines,platforms, and the surrounding space (e.g., with wireless/wired sensors,M2M devices, etc.). The “communication language” will be based oninteroperable protocols, operating in heterogeneous environments andplatforms. IoT in this context is a generic term and all objects canplay an active role thanks to their connection to the Internet bycreating smart environments, where the role of the Internet has changed.

5^(th) generation low earth satellite wireless systems are on thehorizon and IoT is taking the center stage as devices are expected toform a major portion of this 5G network paradigm. IoT technologies suchas machine to machine communication complemented with intelligent dataanalytics are expected to drastically change landscape of variousindustries. The emergence of cloud computing and its extension to fogparadigm with proliferation of intelligent ‘smart’ devices is expectedto lead further innovation in IoT.

The existing 5G (fifth generation wireless) networks have been widelyused in the Internet of Things (IoT) and are continuously evolving tomatch the needs of the future Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The5G (fifth generation) networks are expected to massive expand today'sIoT that can boost cellular operations, IoT security, and networkchallenges and driving the Internet future to the edge. The existing IoTsolutions are facing a number of challenges such as large number ofconnection of nodes, security, and new standards.

The drive to minimize human interaction in transportation vehicles isstronger than ever, especially in public transportation, automobiles,etc. For instant, just a few years ago, automobiles seldom had verysophisticated safety systems. Now, it is rare to find an automobilewithout various safety and protection systems. And now new technology isevolving to the point of being able to offer preventive methods tobetter manage and dissipate sudden impact energy to the vehicle.

Today internet of things is a new revolution of the internet. A worldwhere the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smartenvironments that make energy, transport, cities, and many other areasmore intelligent. Different types of application like water monitoring,water pollution, air pollution, forest fire detection, smart homes,smart cities where each thing can connect from anywhere to anyplace tomake our life easier.

To understand what the constituents of IoE are we will need to dive intothe core parts of IoE. IoE is an umbrella term combining the following 4properties in one place:

1. People:

People are the humans using connected devices to deliver insights abouttheir personal and professional self. This data can include interests,preferences, work, personal health, etc. Connecting this data toenterprise needs can provide insights relating the needs and desires ofprospects for businesses. Additionally, this can be used to trackperformance and pain points of human resources.2. Process:The process is the way to ensure deliverability of right data at theright time to the right person or machine. Here data is more aboutinsightful information or an action than just random chunk. Figuring outa way to decipher the right flow of information is a key to making thebest use of big data.3. Data:With the increase in sources and types of data, we will also need toclassify the information and analyze it to bring useful insights. Dataalone is nothing but once combined with analytics and analysis this newdata can help businesses in decision making and managing theorganization.4. Things:This is where we come across the term Internet of Things (IoT). Internetof things is the interconnectivity of devices that send and receiveinformation across networks like the internet. With every signalinjected into the network, data is generated which needs to becollected, summarized, and analyzed efficiently.

This application discloses the structure of an object control system(OCS) for navigation of moving objects. The structure consists of cellsthat have circular, square, or hexagonal shape. The cells are identicalwith the same square meter (feet) area or in certain areas accommodatesmaller cells within them. All cells have an operation frame with thesame duration and a time of day for the start of first frame. Allobjects within a cell function as an IoT device and use a time slotwithin the operation frame to broadcast a time stamp, the operationframe structure and object's location coordinates.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described andillustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods which aremeant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. Invarious embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems havebeen reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed toother improvements.

In one aspect, an IoT network uses distributed IoT devices which aresensor/monitoring devices to monitor its surrounding environment anddetect and collect data to be processed by the IoT network or anavigation and protection system (NPS).

In another aspect, an object is a flying object, a moving object, and astationary object, a robot, an equipment, and a tool.

In one aspect, an object control system (OCS) that includes IoT network,IoT devices, virtualized shared database (SD), virtualized sharedoperation management center (SOMC), and a navigation and protectionsystem that resides in an object controls the movement of objects in asmart environment.

In one aspect, the NPS is used by various moving objects, flyingvehicles/objects and stationary objects to protect them from anycollision.

In one aspect, an IoT device uses Ethernet protocol or Internet protocolfor over the air link between IoT network and IoT device.

In another aspect, the IoT device uses IEEE1588 (institute of electricaland electronic engineering 1588) precision time protocol (PTP) to obtaintime of day from the IoT network (4G, 5G, 6G, 7G, WiFi wirelessfidelity, and another IoT device), or GPS (Global Positioning System)receiver.

In one aspect, an IoT device uses proprietary protocol to obtain time ofday from another IoT device.

In another aspect, IoT devices are side road studs, center barrierstuds, and lane line studs that assist the NPS of moving vehicle andhave a master stud IoT device that communicates with IoT network andreceives GPS signal.

In another aspect, in mountainous terrains, master stud IoT devicescommunicate with IoT network through a grandmaster IoT device at the topof mountains that has access to IoT network and receives GPS signal.

In another aspect, in mountainous terrains, master stud IoT devicescommunicate with IoT network through a relay at the top of the mountainsthat has access to IoT network.

In one aspect, IoT network is any fix and mobile wireless datacommunication network (5^(th) generation (5G), 6^(th) generation (6G),beyond 5G such as 6^(th) generation (6G), 7^(th) generation (7G),proprietary, WiFi, etc.).

In another aspect, IoT is part of a satellite network supporting one ofdata communication standards like 5G, 6G, 7G, WiFi or a proprietary datacommunication standard.

In one aspect, SOMC uses the time of day to assign a registered IoTdevice with IoT network an absolute time and or a time slot to performits activities.

In one aspect, the absolute time assigned by SOMC to various IoT devicesis constant or dynamically changes depending on the time of day or loadon the IoT network.

In one aspect, the absolute time assigned by SOMC is start of a timewindow (time slot) assigned to an IoT device to communicate and exchangeinformation data to the IoT network and other IoT devices.

In another aspect, SOMC shares the absolute times assigned to IoTdevices with all IoT devices registered with IoT network.

In one aspect, SOMC shares all absolute times with all registered IoTdevices without identifying which absolute time is assigned and whichIoT device it is assigned to.

In another aspect, SOMC assigns an absolute time and a time window (timeslot) for broadcasting and communication to each IoT device registeredwith the IoT network.

In one aspect, the time window or time slot assigned to each IoT deviceby SOMC is constant and identical for all registered IoT devices withIoT network, different for each IoT device, dynamically changes by SOMC,or requested by IoT device.

In another aspect, the SOMC uses the time of day to program the IoTdevices an active time to collect data (or do other functions) and asleep time or idle time to save power.

In one another, SOMC shares an operation frame with IoT devices throughIoT network that includes a duration, a guard time, and time slots.

In one aspect, the operation frame has a frame time of day (TOD) thatindicates a start of a first frame.

In another aspect, the operation frame repeats after the end of thefirst frame.

In one aspect, IoT device uses the frame duration and the absolute TODto calculate the absolute TOD for a next time slot.

In another aspect, the operation frame is at least one of a terrestrialframe, and a satellite frame which can be independent.

In one aspect, a subset of the time slots in the operation frame is usedfor the satellite frame and a different subset of said time slots in theoperation frame is used for terrestrial frame.

In another aspect, the satellite frame is used by an IoT networksupporting at least one of a low orbit satellite Radio Unit (RU), aflying balloon RU, and a high elevation stationary RU.

In one aspect, the terrestrial frame is used by an IoT networksupporting at least one of a small cell RU, a picocell RU, a microcellRU, and a macro-cell RU.

In another aspect, the absolute time includes the hour, the minutes, theseconds, the milliseconds, the microseconds, and the nanoseconds.

In one aspect, the broadcast data is transmitted or received by an IoTdevice at an absolute time and during a time slot defined by SOMC.

In another aspect, the IoT devices exchange Ethernet packets.

In another aspect, IoT devices support at least one of a Bluetoothtransceiver, a ZIGBEE transceiver, a WiFI transceiver, and an Infraredtransceiver.

In one aspect, the IoT devices use a 5G, 6G, 7G over the air protocolsto communicate among themselves.

In one aspect, a specific frequency band and channel is assigned to theIoT devices to communicate among each other or perform other functions.

In another aspect, an IoT device is in general any equipment, object,tool, and device in an environment.

In one aspect, an IoT device uses its wireless transceiver to broadcastits type, identity code, location coordinates, mass, the time of day,function, status (for traffic light, green, yellow, red, and the timeleft for the color to change), specification (includes dimension), andoperation information data.

In another aspect, IoT device is a wireless sensor, a Radar, a Lidar, animage sensor (camera), and an ultrasonic sensor to perform ranging tomeasure a distance from an object in smart environment.

In one aspect, NPS create a signature from fixed and variable datareceived from IoT network, GPS, master IoT device, and slave IoT devicesthat is used to detect if a received information data is a cyber-attack.

In another aspect, cyber-attack is done by an attacker that imitates anIoT network, GPS, or a slave (master) IoT device belonging to an objectin surrounding environment of an object's NPS which is under attack.

In one aspect, WiFi, 5G, 6G, 7G, beyond 5G, and a proprietary wirelessnetwork use a Ratio Unit (RU) that is a low earth orbit satellite, or aflying balloon and both are mobile.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical surrounding environment scenario formoving, flying vehicles/objects and stationary objects as IoT devices.

FIG. 2 illustrates an end-to-end cloud IoT (IoE) Network with controlsystem.

FIG. 3A illustrates an end-to-end 5G/6G IoT network.

FIG. 3B illustrates an end-to-end beyond 5G/6G IoT network.

FIG. 4 depicts a typical IoT device with multiple sensors.

FIG. 5 illustrates a terrestrial cluster.

FIG. 6 illustrates a satellite cluster.

FIG. 7 shows an object control system OCS.

FIG. 8 illustrates moving vehicles, flying vehicles/objects, andstationary objects in a smart environment.

FIG. 9A depicts OFDM transmit symbol signal before adding cyclic prefix.

FIG. 9B shows transmit signal with cyclic prefix added at the beginningof transmit symbol.

FIG. 9C depicts a typical coverage for RRU/RU.

FIG. 9D illustrates an IoT device using cyclic prefix or unusedsubcarriers to obtain time of day (TOD).

FIG. 10A depicts an Ethernet frame and a broadcast frame.

FIG. 10B shows two IoT devices having their clock's frequency and phasesynchronized with eNodeB, or gNodeB.

FIG. 10C shows a protocol to obtain time of day (TOD) using two IoTdevices.

FIG. 11 depicts an IoT navigation and protection system for moving andstationary objects.

FIG. 12A illustrates a typical road with center barrier.

FIG. 12B illustrates a typical road with no center barrier.

FIG. 12C shows a typical country road in mountainous area.

FIG. 13 depicts an embodiment of a wireless sensing system.

FIG. 14A depicts transmit signal for a wireless sensor system.

FIG. 14B shows the duration of a complete single transmission andreception.

FIG. 14C depicts the object control system first frame structure.

FIG. 14D depicts the object control system second frame structure.

FIG. 14E depicts the object control system third frame structure.

FIG. 14F depicts a first structure of a time slot used for ranging.

FIG. 14G depicts a second structure of a time slot used for ranging.

FIG. 14H shows a cell planning for an object control system OCS used byan IoT network.

FIG. 15 illustrate sources that create a signature to mitigatecyber-attack.

The drawings referred to in this description should be understood as notbeing drawn to scale except if specifically noted.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the presenttechnology, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. While the technology will be described in conjunction withvarious embodiment(s), it will be understood that they are not intendedto limit the present technology to these embodiments. On the contrary,the present technology is intended to cover alternatives, modifications,and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope ofthe various embodiments as defined by the appended claims.

Furthermore, in the following description of embodiments, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present technology. However, the present technologymay be practiced without these specific details. In other instances,well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not beendescribed in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of thepresent embodiments.

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical environment with moving, stationary, andfixed objects. The stationary objects are trees, lamp posts, smallcells, buildings, street floors, walking payments, parked vehicles,statues, houses, hospitals, gas stations, schools, sport fields,shopping malls, small shops, department stores, parking lots, and anyother stationary objects. Stationary objects are identified by theirtypes, an IP address, shapes, masses, status (for traffic light green,yellow, or red), function, specification (includes dimension), andlocation coordinates. Stationary objects act as an IoT device or IoTdevices with a single IP address or independent IP addresses. Largebuilding at different sides requires different IoT devices representingdifferent locations and sides. The IoT devices used by stationaryobjects are fixed object that communicate with either IoT network orother IoT devices in their surrounding environment.

The moving vehicles are robots, humans with body armor, humans, animals,automobiles, trucks, boats, ships, bicycles, motorcycles, moving objectsin a factory, moving objects in a hospital, moving objects used inbuildings, and any other moving objects.

The flying vehicles are helicopters, small planes, large planes, flyinghumans, flying robots, gliders, flying cars, drones, missiles, birds,and any other flying objects.

FIG. 2 depicts wireless 4G, 5G, 6G (beyond 5G and 6G) and WiFi (wirelessfidelity) end to end IoT networks 100 used by an object's navigation andprotection system (NPS). 4G network facilitates communication betweenuser equipment (UE) or IoT device 110 and evolved packet core (EPC) 104through evolved node B (eNodeB) 109 and IP (Internet protocol) network106. 5G and 6G networks facilitate communication between user equipment(UE) or IoT device 112 and core network (CN) 104 as well as beyond 5G/6Ghigher layers 105 through next generation Node B (gNodeB) 111 (or newNodeB) and IP network 106. WiFi network facilitates communicationbetween user equipment (UE) or IoT device 108 and the cloud 101 throughWiFi router 107, and IP network 106. Cloud 101 accommodates EPC/CN 104and higher layers of beyond 5G/6G 105 as well as shared database (SD)102 and shared operation management center (SOMC) 103 and allows UEs orIoT devices 108, 110 and 112 have access to shared database 102 and SOMC103. SD and SOMC are used by all 5G (beyond 5G), 6G (beyond 6G), 7G, andWiFi networks that belong to various service providers. SD stores allinformation data related to IoT devices that directly communicate(master IoTs) with IoT network. SOMC controls and manages the objectsthat use an IoT device (master IoT device).

In wireless 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi networks there is aneed for synchronization. There are several synchronization techniquesused in data communication networks and the most common one depending onrequirements of network components or ports are syncE, Institute ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering IEEE1588 Precision Time ProtocolPTP, NTP, and GPS. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networkingprotocol for clock synchronization between computer systems overpacket-switched, variable-latency data networks. In operation sincebefore 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use.Synchronous Ethernet, also referred to as SyncE, is an ITU-T standardfor computer networking that facilitates the transference of clocksignals over the Ethernet physical layer. This signal can then be madetraceable to an external clock. IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP)is a packet-based two-way communications protocol specifically designedto precisely synchronize distributed clocks to sub-microsecondresolution, typically on an Ethernet or IP-based network. GlobalSatellite Positioning System (GPS) signal is received, processed by alocal master clock, time server, or primary reference, and passed on to“slaves” and other devices, systems, or networks so their “local clocks”are likewise synchronized to coordinated universal time (UTC).

In wireless 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi network 100 whenthe link between two network component ports is Ethernet then there is aneed to synchronize the two network components using SyncE, IEEE1588(PTP) or NTP depending on requirements and specification of two networkcomponents.

Mobile user equipments (UE) or IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 may use GPSto obtain time of day (TOD), location coordinate and over the airprotocol to achieve frequency and phase synchronization. However, forUEs or IoT devices that either cannot see the GPS satellites, GPS signalis very weak, or GPS receiver increases cost, size, and powerconsumption another technique to acquire time of day is required. UEsand IoT devices can use their received wireless 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi signal to achieve frequency and phasesynchronization. UEs and IoT devices that do not have access to GPSsignal can either obtain time of day from UEs and IoT devices insurrounding environment that have access to GPS signal and areaccessible or obtain it from eNodeB, gNodeB and WiFi router that theycommunicate with.

There are three techniques that UEs and IoT devices can use to obtaintime of day from eNodeB, gNodeB and WiFi router. The precision of timeof day will be different using these three techniques. Time of day withdifferent accuracies is used for different applications. The lessaccurate (within fraction of microsecond, approximately 200 nanosecondor less) time of day uses one way communication between eNodeB, gNodeBand WiFi router and UEs or IoT devices 108, 110, and 112. The moreaccurate (within 100 nanosecond) time of day uses two-way communicationsbetween eNodeB, gNodeB and WiFi router and UEs or IoT devices 108, 110,and 112. In all methods eNodeB, gNodeB and WiFi router should have timeof day. When eNodeB, gNodeB and WiFi router do not have time of day orcannot support exchange of time of day with UEs and IoT devices then thenetwork component prior to eNodeB, gNodeB and WiFi router can be used topropagate time of day to UEs and IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 with lessaccuracy. Both eNodeB, and gNodeB from 4G, 5G, 6G, and 7G network thatsupport Remote Radio Unit, Radio Unit can be terrestrial RRU/RU or lowearth orbit satellite RRU/RU.

In one embodiment, 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi network 100provide time of day to UEs and IoT devices, using institute ofelectrical and electronic engineering (IEEE1588) precision time protocol(PTP). IEEE1588 PTP exchanges the timing messages to and from UEs or IoTdevices 108, 110, and 112 and one component of 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi wireless networks 100.

The 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi wireless networks 100 sendstime of day to UEs and IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 by cyclic prefix ofOFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) symbols from eNodeB,gNodeB and WiFi router where IFFT (inverse fast Fourier Transform) isperformed. In another technique the 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), 7G, andWiFi network 100 utilizes unused downlink sub-carriers or unused bits ormessages in various downlink channels to send time of day to UEs or IoTdevices 108, 110, and 112. All components of 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G),7G, and WiFi network 100 are time synchronized and have the same time ofday. The 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), and 7G networks may transmitEthernet packets over the air to UEs or IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 tohave an end-to-end network using a single packet protocol. By doing thisboth hardware and software is significantly simplified.

Some UEs and IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 obtain time of day from otherUEs or IoT devices in surrounding environment that are in theircommunication range and have time of day. They use another frequency tocommunicate with other UEs and IoT devices in surrounding environmentand exchange broadcast and Ethernet packets. The UEs and IoT devices108, 110, and 112 may communicate with other UEs and IoT devices byexchanging Ethernet packets or any other proprietary packets.

The UEs and IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 may use similar physical layeras 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond 5G/6G), 7G, or WiFi to communicate with orbroadcast their information data to other UEs and IoT devices in theirsurrounding environment without introducing any unwanted interference.They also may use a physical layer different from 4G, 5G, 6G, (beyond5G/6G), 7G, and WiFi to communicate with or broadcast their informationdata to other UEs and IoT devices in their surrounding environmentwithout introducing any unwanted interference.

The UEs and IoT devices 108, 110, and 112 may support Bluetooth, Zigbee,infrared, WiFi, and any other wireless communication systems tocommunicate with other UEs and IoT devices in their surroundingenvironment and exchange information data and transmit and receivebroadcast data. The communication between UEs and IoTs devices isencrypted and highly secured.

The UEs and IoT devices transmit and receive broadcast data thatincludes the type of UE and IoT device, their IP address, their locationcoordinate, their mass, time of day, method of obtaining time of day(IEEE1588, cyclic prefix, GPS, or other methods).

FIG. 3A depicts 5G/6G (core, gNodeB, and UE or IoT device) end to endIoT network 200 and FIG. 3B illustrates beyond 5G/6G (higher layers,gNodeB, UE or IoT device) end to end IoT network 250 supporting cloudradio access network C-RAN, virtual radio access network vRAN, and openradio access network (O-RAN). The 5G/6G network 200 facilitatecommunication between user equipment (UE) or IoT device 209 and corenetwork (CN) 201 through remote radio unit (RU) 207, distributed unit(DU) 205, and central unit (CU) 203 using over the air protocolinterface 208, evolved common public radio interface (eCPRI) or nextgeneration fronthaul interface (NGFI) 206, F1 interface 204 and “NG”interface 202. The RU 207, DU 205, and CU 203 are components of 5G/6Gnew radio (NR) which is also called gNodeB. UEs 209 also act as an IoT(IoE) device.

The 5G/6G network 200 uses different architectures depending onapplications that the network is used for. In certain architectures oneor more network components are collocated. When one or more networkcomponents are collocated the components use the interfaces defined inthe standard. However, there are cases such as a small cell when two ormore components of network are collocated, and the interfaces may beeliminated.

Cloud radio access network or C-RAN architectures shown in FIG. 2enables cost saving on expensive baseband resources, in which thebaseband units are shared in a centralized baseband pool. Therefore, thecomputing resources can be utilized optimally based on the demand. C-RANarchitecture has also opened an opportunity for RAN virtualization(vRAN) to further reduce cost. Therefore, virtual RAN or vRAN has beendeveloped to simplify the deployment and management of the RAN nodes andmake the platform readily available for multitude of dynamicallychanging service requirements. The main issue with C-RAN and vRAN isthat these architectures still utilize propriety software, hardware andinterfaces which lack openness as a major bottleneck in efficientlyutilizing virtualization. To overcome the limitations of C-RAN and vRAN,O-RAN is emerging as a new RAN architecture that uses open interfacesbetween the elements implemented on general-purpose hardware. Thisallows operators select RU and DU hardware and software from differentvendors. In addition, open interfaces between decoupled RAN componentsprovide efficient multi-vendor interoperability. O-RAN architecture alsoallows enhanced RAN virtualization that supports more efficient splitsover the protocol stack for network slicing purpose. O-RAN furtherreduces RAN expenditure by utilizing self-organizing networks thatreduce conventional labor-intensive means of network deployment,operation, and optimization. In addition to cost reduction, intelligentRAN can handle the growing network complexity and improve the efficiencyand accuracy by reducing the human-machine interaction.

FIG. 3B shows the O-RAN end to end architecture (UE, gNodeB) 250 forbeyond 5G and 6G. Higher layers 251 communicate with open interface 252to central unit 253. The interface between central unit (CU) 253 anddistributed unit (DU) 255 is open interface 254 “F1” and the interfacebetween distributed unit 255 and radio unit (RU) 257 is open fronthaul256. UE or IoT device 259 use over the air interface 258 to communicatewith RU 257. Therefore, the only difference between 5G/6G, beyond 5G and6G ORAN architecture is open interface 252, open “F1” interface 254 andopen fronthaul 256.

All embodiments related to 5G/6G explain above apply to beyond 5G and 6G(7G) ORAN.

FIG. 4 shows the architecture of an IoT sensor network 400. In general,IoT sensor network 400 communicates with 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G)and WiFi networks to exchange information data. IoT sensor network 400through radio 403 attaches itself to a 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G) orWiFi network in its surrounding environment that supports Internet ofThings and listens to commands to activate sensor network 410 ₁ to 410_(n). Radio 403 when receives a command, sends it to CPU 405 to beevaluated and performed by CPU 405 or sensor network 410 ₁ to 410 _(n)that is connected to CPU 405. Then the results obtained from performingthe commands through CPU 405 and radio 403 is transmitted to 5G, 6G,beyond 5G/6G (or 7G), WiFi network or a navigation and protection system(NPS) of an object for analysis.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 includes among other thingstransceiver 401 which consists of antenna 402, radio 403, possible radioEthernet port 404, CPU 405, possible Ethernet port 406 towards radio,possible IEEE1588 PTP 407, possible Ethernet port 408 and sensor network410 ₁ to 410 _(n).

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 through antenna 402 and radio403 attaches to 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G) or WiFi IoT network andobtains the time of day (TOD).

In another embodiment, IoT sensor network transceiver 401 obtains thetime of day using IEEE1588 PTP, downlink transmit cyclic prefix,downlink transmit unused sub-carriers, or unused bits or messages in oneof downlink channels from 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G) or WiFi IoTnetwork.

In another embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 propagates the time of dayto an external device or equipment via its transceiver's Ethernet port408 and link 409 using IEEE1588 PTP 407.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 receives commands or operationinformation data from 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G) or WiFi IoT networkand communicates them to an external device through its transceiver'sEthernet port 408.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 communicates with other IoTdevices and exchange broadcast data. The IoT sensor network 400 uses adifferent frequency or channel to communicate with another IoT device toavoid interruption and interference.

In another embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 communicates with otherIoT devices in its surrounding environment that are in its communicationrange using a proprietary physical layer or 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G)or WiFi network physical layer.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 exchanges Ethernet packets orany other proprietary packets with other IoT devices in its surroundingenvironment.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 through its transceiver 401supports WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, laser, and Infrared physical layer andover the air wireless protocols.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 exchanges IEEE1588 PTP orproprietary messages with another IoT device or a WiFi router insurrounding environment to obtain or propagate the time of day.

In another embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 uses an externalmonitoring sensor network 410 ₁ to 410 _(n) that can perform variousfunctions autonomously or through commands that sent to it remotely.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 uses an external sensornetwork 410 ₁ to 410 _(n) that communicates with transceiver 401 throughEthernet ports 411 ₁ to 411 _(n).

In another embodiment, the sensor network 410 ₁ to 410 _(n) can be amonitoring network 410 ₁ to 410 _(n) or a mix of sensors, monitoringdevices, ranging IoT devices, autonomous devices, IoT devices andremotely controlled devices or equipment 410 ₁ to 410 _(n).

In one embodiment, each device within network of devices 410 ₁ to 410_(n) has an IP (internet protocol) address that identifies the device.

In another embodiment, each device within network of devices 410 ₁ to410 _(n) uses its serial number for its identity.

In one embodiment of IoT sensor network 400, at least one of an Ethernetpacket and a proprietary packet is used for communication betweentransceiver 401 and devices/equipment 410 ₁ to 410 _(n).

In another embodiment, the link 409 between Ethernet port 408 or port408 of transceiver 401 and Ethernet ports 411 ₁ to 411 _(n) or ports 411₁ to 411 _(n) of devices 410 ₁ to 410 _(n) is a wired link, a wirelesslink, or a mix of wired and wireless.

In another embodiment of IoT sensor network 400, the wired link 409 is astandard serial interface, a proprietary serial interface, or a parallelinterface.

In one embodiment of IoT sensor network 400, the wireless link 409between transceiver 401 and devices 410 ₁ to 410 _(n) is at least one ofBluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi, Infrared, laser, or any proprietary wirelesslink.

In one embodiment, IoT sensor network 400 receives an absolute time TOD,and a time slot from 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G) or WiFi network forits various activities as well as scheduling activities of the externaldevices connected to IoT sensor network 400. Sensor network 410 ₁ to 410_(n) is slave IoT device network 410 ₁ to 410 _(n).

In one embodiment of the IoT sensor network 400, the sensor network 410₁ to 410 _(n) is slave IoT network 410 ₁ to 410 _(n).

FIGS. 5 and 6 depict hexagon geometry 600 for terrestrial and satelliteapplication. The design objective of early mobile radio systems was toachieve a large coverage area using a single high-power transmitter withan antenna mounted on a tall tower. A cellular concept is a system-levelidea which calls for replacing a single high-power transmitter (largecell) with many low power transmitters (small cell) each providing acoverage to only a small portion of the service area.

When considering geometric shapes which cover an entire region withoutoverlap and with equal area, there are three sensible choices—a square,an equilateral triangle, and a hexagon. For a given distance between thecenter of a polygon and its farthest perimeter points, the hexagon hasthe largest area of the three. Thus, by using hexagon geometry, thefewest number of cells can cover a geographic region, and hexagonclosely approximates a circular radiation pattern which would occur foran Omni-directional base station antenna and free space. When usinghexagon, base station transmitter (RU) is in the center of the cell(Omni-directional antenna) or on the three of the six cell vertices(directional antenna).

Each cellular base station (RU, RRU, gNodeB, eNodeB), or proprietarybase station is allocated a group of radio channels to be used within asmall geographic area called cell. Base stations (RU, RRU, eNodeB,gNodeB, or proprietary) in adjacent cells are assigned channel groupswhich contain completely different channels than neighboring cells. Bylimiting the coverage area to within the boundaries of a cell, the samegroups of channels may be used to cover different cells that areseparated from one another by distances large enough to keep theinterference levels within tolerable limits. The design process ofselecting and allocating channel groups for all the cellular basestations (RU, RRU, eNodeB, gNodeB, or proprietary) is called frequencyreuse or frequency planning.

Advances in interference cancellation techniques today allow a receiverto operate with higher levels of co-channel interference. The motivationof improving a receiver's performance in co-channel interference is toincrease the spectrum efficiency of a system usually by allowing agreater geographical re-use of frequencies. It is a general principlethat a communication system should be designed to avoid interference inthe first place, either through network planning or with effective radioresource management and medium access control.

Terrestrial base stations (RU, RRU, eNodeB, gNodeB, or proprietary) arestationary and located in the center (or vertices) of a hexagon cell asshown in FIG. 5. The terrestrial cluster 601 has a center cell 602 and 6cells attached to its peripheral. This cluster grows by adding new cellsto expand the coverage area. Cells in the architecture of FIG. 5 and themoving objects within the cells are all controlled by SOMC. The shareddatabase SD stores location coordinate of the base stations (RU, RRU,eNodeB, gNodeB, or proprietary), type of base stations (sectors,transmit power, height of antenna, type of tower, service providersusing the tower, type of power supply), the terrain map of the cells,street and road map of the cells, one way or two way roads, allowed ornot allowed right turn at red light, location coordinates of junctionsand traffic lights, type of junctions, type of street and road (onelane, two lanes, multiple lanes, road and street curbs and centerbarriers), type of stationary objects in the cells, type of buildings(height, type of body structure), specific information for movingobject's navigation and protection system (NPS), and service providersusing the cells. Some of the data in SD are fixed and some dynamicallychange.

For flying objects, it is also possible to use hexagon cell architectureas shown in FIG. 6. They can be called satellite clusters 603 becauseeach cell 604 needs to cover a much wider area compared with terrestrialcells. In other words, a satellite cell can cover an area that multipleof terrestrial cells cover. The base stations (RU, RRU, eNodeB, gNodeB,or proprietary) serving satellite cells are either fix or mobile.

Fix base stations are the same as base stations for terrestrial cells.The only difference is elevation of the antenna and antenna radiationpattern. For satellite base station a very tall tower or a very tallbuilding can be used to provide coverage for a wide area. The radiationpattern of the antenna is also important. The pattern needs to minimizeany radiation towards the ground. Due to high elevation of antenna andthe specific radiation pattern the waves travel in free space withminimum multipath fading.

Moving base stations 606 are either flying balloons or low orbitsatellite. These base stations provide RU and RRU and possibly morefunctions of eNodeB, gNodeB, and proprietary. Satellite and balloon basestation (RU, RRU, eNodeB, gNodeB, or proprietary) can also serve themoving objects on the ground due to less multipath fading. The mainissue with moving satellite base stations is their latency. However, iflow orbit satellite is used the latency can be reduced to around 20milliseconds. Like terrestrial cells satellite cells also use SD andSOMC and store all their information, specification, and capabilities inthe SD to be used by SOMC to control navigation and protection system(NPS) of both moving objects and flying objects.

FIG. 7 shows moving and flying objects control system (OCS) 700. Theobject control system 700 uses SOMC (702) and SD (701) to control thenavigation and protection of moving and flying objects that support IoTnetwork and IoT devices in a smart environment. Object control system700 uses time of day (TOD) to schedule activities of the moving (703),flying (704), stationary (705), and fixed (706) objects in the smartenvironment to allow all objects within object control system 700operate freely with no interference and collision.

Fixed objects (IoT devices) 706 are those that do not communicate withthe IoT network. They are only used by stationary objects andcommunicate with a master IoT device used by the stationary object 705.The master IoT device of a stationary object 705 communicates with SOMC702 and SD 701 through IoT network. Fixed objects 706 are slave IoTdevices that use IEEE1588 protocol to achieve clock synchronization andobtain time of day from the master IoT device of a stationary object705. The master IoT device through IoT network exchange necessaryinformation data with SOMC 702 and SD 701 and communicates with slaveIoT devices to share operation information data (OID). Fixed objects 706may also use method 930 shown in FIG. 10C instead of IEEE1588 to obtainTOD.

FIG. 8 depicts a smart environment 800 with objects (IoT devices) thatcommunicate with a public or private network. In general, the smartenvironment 800 in addition to open space consists of various fixed,stationary, moving, and flying objects (IoT devices) that are capable ofwirelessly communicate with other objects (IoT devices) as well as apublic or private communication network. In the smart environment 800all the objects (IoT devices) coexist synchronously in time (time ofday) and operate freely without any interruption, interference, andcollision. All the objects (IoT devices) in smart environment 800 areregistered with 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G), a proprietary, or WiFinetwork through their eNodeB, gNodeB, and NodeB base station or wirelessrouter 808. The 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G (or 7G), proprietary, or WiFinetwork broadcasts certain information data to all objects (IoT devices)in smart environment 800 that are registered with 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G(or 7G), proprietary, or WiFi network through their gNodeB, NodeB, orwireless router. The broadcast information data is updated when anobject (IoT device) exit (deregister with gNodeB of 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6Gnetworks, NodeB of a proprietary network, or wireless router of WiFinetwork) or enter (register with gNodeB of 5G, 6G, beyond 5G/6G network,NodeB of a proprietary network or wireless router of WiFi network) thesmart environment 800. The base station 808 can also support future 7Gnetwork and all objects (IoT devices) in smart environment 800 registerwith 7G network through wireless base station 808 and receive broadcastinformation data from 7G network.

In one embodiment, smart environment 800 includes, among other things,automobile 801, robot 802, moving object 803, stationary object 804,flying car 805, flying object 806, drone 807, and a wireless basestation 808 that supports a public (eNodeB, or gNodeB of 4G, 5G, or 6Gnetwork, base station of 7G, NodeB of a proprietary network, andwireless router of a WIFi network) or private wireless communicationnetwork.

In one embodiment, the wireless base station 808 is a cellular (5G, 6G(7G), beyond 5G/6G or a proprietary network) small cell, macro-cell,micro-cell or picocell.

In another embodiment, the wireless base station 808 is a WiFi wirelessrouter that is connected to the IP network as well as cellular network(5G, 6G (7G), or beyond 5G and 6G), and a proprietary network.

In one embodiment, the wireless base station 808 is part of a privatenetwork that is connected to IP network as well as cellular network (5G,6G (7G), and beyond 5G and 6G).

In one embodiment, wireless base station 808 is a 5G RU, a 6G RU abeyond 5G/6G RU, a wireless router of WiFi, or NodeB of a proprietarynetwork.

In one embodiment, the proprietary network is a satellite or aterrestrial network that performs all the tasks that 5G, 6G, 7G orbeyond 5G/6G does in a smart environment to support NPS of an object.

In another embodiment, the wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), or beyond5G and 6G), or NodeB of a proprietary network communicates with thestationary, moving and flying objects in the smart environment 800 andobtains type, function, status (for traffic light color, green, yellow,or red), specification (includes dimension, and specification of theslave IoT devices), location coordinate (obtained from GPS receiver),identity number, signal propagation time through transmitter of the IoTdevice's (master or slave) wireless transceiver up to the input oftransmit antenna, and estimated mass from objects 801, 802, 803, 804,805, 806 and 807.

In one embodiment, wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), or beyond 5G and6G) 808 in the smart environment 800 broadcasts some of the informationobtained from each object 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 to allobjects (IoT devices) in smart environment 800.

In one embodiment, all moving and stationary objects 801, 802, 803, 804,805, 806 and 807 continuously update the information data they obtainfrom wireless base station 808 related to other objects in theirsurrounding smart environment 800.

In another embodiment, the identity number of each object in the smartenvironment 800 is the object's serial number, a MAC address or an IPaddress that is an IP4 or IP6.

In one embodiment, the wireless base station 808 uses GPS to obtainclock synchronization and time of day.

In another embodiment, all objects (IoT devices) in the smartenvironment 800 receive time of day and their location coordinates fromGPS receiver.

In another embodiment, a stationary object (IoT device) in the smartenvironment has its location coordinates manually program to it orobtains from base station 808.

In one embodiment, the wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), or beyond 5Gand 6G) or WiFi router 808 in smart environment 800 supports IEEE1588(Institute of electrical and electronic engineering synchronizationstandard 1588) PTP which provides clock synchronization and time of dayfor wireless base station 808 through any port in data communicationnetwork as well as 5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G or WiFi network.

In another embodiment, all moving and stationary objects (IoT devices)801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 also supports IEEE1588 to obtaintime of day.

In one embodiment, wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6Gor WiFi) 808 broadcasts to each moving and stationary object (IoTdevice) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 an absolute time and a timeslot when they can broadcast their information or communicate with otherIoT devices.

In one embodiment, the absolute times and time slots assigned by IoTnetwork (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G or WiFi) to various IoT devicesis constant or dynamically changes depending on the time of day or loadon the IoT network.

In another embodiment, IoT network (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G orWiFi) assigns an absolute time and a time slot for broadcasting andcommunication to each IoT device registered with the IoT network.

In one embodiment, the time window (slot) assigned to each IoT device byIoT network (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G or WiFi) is constant andidentical for all registered IoT devices with the IoT network, differentfor each IoT device, dynamically changes by the IoT network, orrequested by IoT device.

In one embodiment, wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6Gor WiFi) 808 broadcasts to each moving and stationary object (IoTdevice) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 the absolute time and timeslot when their sensors can collect data.

In one embodiment, wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6Gor WiFi) 808 broadcasts to each moving and stationary object (IoTdevice) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 the absolute time and timeslot when their wireless sensors can perform ranging to measure adistance and an approaching speed of an object in their surroundingsmart environment.

In one embodiment, wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6Gor WiFi) 808 broadcasts to each moving and stationary object (IoTdevice) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 the carrier frequency,channel, bandwidth, and modulation for their wireless sensor.

In one embodiment, wireless base station (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6Gor WiFi) 808 broadcasts to each moving and stationary object (IoTdevice) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 the carrier frequency,channel, modulation, data rate, range of output power, and over the airprotocol (type of transceiver which is one of 5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and6G, WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, laser, proprietary, or infrared) forranging as well as broadcasting and communicating with other IoTdevices.

In one embodiment, each moving and stationary object (IoT device) 801,802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 exchange Ethernet packets with wirelessbase station 808.

In one embodiment, each moving and stationary object (IoT device) 801,802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 exchange Ethernet packets among eachother based on the absolute time and time slot assigned to them by thebase station 808.

In one embodiment, the link between each moving and stationary object(IoT device) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 and wireless basestation (5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G or WiFi) 808 is an over the airEthernet link.

In one embodiment, communication link between each moving and stationaryobject (IoT device) 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 and the cloudnetwork, data network, and core network through wireless base station(5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G or WiFi) 808 supports a single end-to-endEthernet packet protocol.

In another embodiment, moving and stationary object (IoT device) 801,802, 803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 use their wireless sensor to broadcasttheir broadcast data.

In one embodiment, moving and stationary objects (IoT devices) 801, 802,803, 804, 805, 806 and 807 support WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Infrared,laser and proprietary wireless transceivers and use them for ranging andto broadcast their broadcast data or transmit and receive Ethernetpackets or frames.

FIG. 9A depicts OFDM transmit symbol signal 810 before adding cyclicprefix. 5G, 6G (7G), beyond 5G and 6G use OFDM (orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing) in their transmit path. The duration of transmitsignal is one OFDM symbol 811 for 4G eNodeB and 5G (6G) gNodeB. Thetransmit signal 850 consists of “n” samples x₁ to x_(n) 812. Toeliminate inter-symbol interference “n-m” samples 813 from end of OFDMsymbol are copied at the beginning of symbol or some samples from thebeginning of OFDM symbol are copied at the end of symbol. The “m to n”samples are called cyclic prefix and the duration of it depends onradius of coverage of RRU and RU transmitters. These “m to n” samples atthe receiver of user equipment UE (IoT device) are removed by usingcorrelation before performing the receiver functions.

FIG. 9B shows transmit signal with cyclic prefix 814 that is added atthe beginning of transmit symbol which consists of “n” samples x₁ tox_(n) 812. Samples x_(m) to x_(n) from end of transmit symbol are copiedat the beginning of “n” samples x₁ to x_(n) as cyclic prefix 814. In theUE (IoT device) receiver cyclic prefix 814 is removed from receivedsignal before the receive process starts. The process of removal ofcyclic prefix is a circular correlation. The highest correlation isachieved when all samples in cyclic prefix are matched. There is alwayspossible one or more samples in cyclic prefix are not matched due tovarious impairment and results in lower amount of correlation but stillremoval of cyclic prefix is possible. Therefore, it is possible to useone or more samples in cyclic prefix to transmit time of day to userequipment UE (IoT device).

In one embodiment of transmit signal 810 one or more samples of cyclicprefix 814 samples x_(m) to x_(n) is used to send the time of day touser equipment UEs or IoT devices.

In another embodiment the number of samples in cyclic prefix are morethan needed for operation and the extra samples (one or more) are usedto send time of day and date.

In another embodiment the samples used from cyclic prefix 814 fortransmitting time of day are at the start, middle, or end of cyclicprefix 814.

In another embodiment the samples used from cyclic prefix 814 fortransmitting time of day are at any location in cyclic prefix 814 andthe location do not change until TOD data is transmitted.

In one embodiment the time of day is sent to user equipment UEs, or IoTdevices over several transmit OFDM symbols.

In one embodiment the time of day includes date and time of day and dateinclude year, month, and day.

In one embodiment the bits in samples from cyclic prefix 814 are usedfor transmission of time of day to UEs or IoT devices.

In another embodiment the top bits in sample (x_(m)) 815 of cyclicprefix are used to send time of day to mitigate effect of any noise,interference or fading.

In one embodiment only one sample of cyclic prefix 854 is used fortransmitting the time of day and the first sample that is used for timeof day has a detectable bit pattern to indicate that next samples at thesame location in next cyclic prefixes contain the time of day.

In one embodiment, more than one sample of cyclic prefix 814 is used fortransmitting the time of day and the first samples that are used fortime of day have a detectable bit pattern to indicate that next sampleswhether in present cyclic prefix or next cyclic prefixes contain thetime of day.

In another embodiment the first sample of first cyclic prefix carriesthe hour, the first sample of second cyclic prefix carries the seconds,the first sample of third cyclic prefix carries the milliseconds, thefirst sample of forth cyclic prefix caries the microseconds, the firstsample of fifth cyclic prefix caries nanoseconds, and if more accuraciesare available the first sample of sixth cyclic prefix carries thepicoseconds.

In one embodiment the bits used to represent the time of day arecompressed (using one of compression algorithms) to use less cyclicprefix samples for transmission of time of day.

There is a time difference between transmissions of two cyclic prefixes.During this time difference the date, hour (T_(h)), second (T_(s)),millisecond (T_(m)), microsecond (T_(μ)), or nanosecond (T_(n)) of timeof day can be incremented and this creates a significant time errorbetween RU/RRU and UEs or IoT devices. Therefore, before sending time ofday there is a need to find out if one of (T_(n)), (T_(s)), (T_(m)),(T_(μ)), or nanosecond (T_(n)) will be incremented during thetransmission of complete time of day.

In one embodiment the date, hour (T_(n)), second (T_(s)), millisecond(T_(m)), microsecond (T_(μ)), or nanosecond (T_(n)) of time of day ifneeded is incremented before being sent to UE or IoT device.

In another embodiment, the time of day before being sent to UE or IoTdevice is adjusted for propagation time of IFFT through transmitter pathof RU/RRU or BBU/DU up to antenna to reduce the time error between timeof day at RU/RRU (or BBU/DU) and UEs or IoT devices.

In one embodiment the date and time of day that is sent to UE or IoTdevice is repeated or updated with a configurable time interval.

FIG. 9C depicts a typical coverage of RRU/RU in a 4G, 5G, 6G, or (7G)wireless network. UEs or IoT devices A, B, and C are at differentdistance from RU/RRU. Therefore, UEs or IoT devices A, B, and C receivetime of day at different time which results in time error between UEs orIoT devices. These UEs or IoT devices when transmit to RU/RRU need toadjust their transmission time based on their time alignment or timeadvance which compensate for their difference in distance from RRU/RU.The time alignment or time advance is used to eliminate the error intime of day at UEs or IoT devices A, B, and C and make all UEs or IoTdevices have the same time of day.

In one embodiment UEs or IoT devices that are at different distance fromtheir common RRU/RU use their time alignment or time advance to adjustthe time of day received from RRU/RU to have the same time of day.

In 4G, 5G, and 6G (or 7G) it is possible to use downlink methods likecyclic prefix to transmit time of day to UEs or IoT devices. Thesemethods can utilize unused subcarriers or unused bits or messages invarious downlink channels. For instance, in 4G (as well as 5G and 6G)LTE there are two cell search procedures: one for initialsynchronization and another for detecting neighbor cells in preparationfor handover. In both cases the UE or IoT device uses two specialsignals broadcast on each RRU: Primary Synchronization Sequence (PSS)and Secondary Synchronization Sequence (SSS). The detection of thesesignals allows the UE or IoT device to complete time and frequencysynchronization and to acquire useful system parameters such as cellidentity, cyclic prefix length, and access mode (FDD/TDD).

In the frequency domain, the PSS and SSS occupy the central six resourceblocks (RBs, 72 subcarriers), irrespective of the system channelbandwidth, which allows the UE or IoT device to synchronize to thenetwork without a priori knowledge of the allocated bandwidth. Thesynchronization sequences use 62 sub-carriers in total, with 31sub-carriers mapped on each side of the DC sub-carrier which is notused. This leaves 5 sub-carriers at each extremity of the 6 central RBsunused. These 10 unused sub-carriers can be used to transmit time of dayto UEs or IoT devices. Like cyclic prefix the time of day should beadjusted for propagation time through transmitter path up to transmitantenna port in order to minimize time difference between gNodeB/eNodeB(RU/RRU) and UEs or IoT devices. During transmission of the time of dayit is possible one of (T_(h)), (T_(s)), (T_(m)), (T_(μ)), and (T_(n))has to be incremented before being sent to UEs or IoT devices due to thetime it takes to transmit the time of day.

In one embodiment unused downlink sub-carriers is used to transmit timeof day to UEs or IoT devices.

It is also possible to utilize unused bits or messages in variousdownlink channels of 4G, 5G, or 6G (7G) to transmit the time of day likeunused sub-carriers.

In another embodiment unused bits or messages of various downlinkchannels is used to transmit time of day to UEs or IoT devices.

In one embodiment when unused downlink sub-carriers, bits, or messagesare used, due to the time takes to send all the data, the day, hour(T_(h)), second (T_(s)), millisecond (T_(m)), microsecond (T_(μ)), ornanoseconds (T_(n)), of time of day if needed is incremented beforebeing sent to UE or IoT device.

Using time advance or time alignment allows all IoT devices have thesame TOD. However, this IoT-device-TOD is not the same as TOD thateNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, or proprietary base station(terrestrial, low earth orbit satellite, or balloon) holds. Thedifference between IoT-device-TOD and the IoT network TOD (eNodeB,gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, or proprietary base station) is thedistance between closest IoT device to IoT network antenna (eNodeB,gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, or proprietary base station). One way toeliminate or remove this difference is to have a local IoT devicelocated at the Radio Unit (RU, RRU) of the eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wirelessrouter, or proprietary base station. This local IoT device reduces thedifference between IoT-device-TOD and network TOD to a negligible amountas well as provide monitoring of the eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wirelessrouter, or proprietary base station for functionality, control,management, configuration, and maintenance. It is assumed TOD thateNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, or proprietary base station sendsto IoT device is the TOD at the transmit antenna port of RU, RRU,wireless router or proprietary base station.

All Low earth orbit satellite RU, flying balloon RU, microcell RU, andmacro-cell RU base stations need to have a local IoT device next to theantenna of RU (base station) to minimize the difference betweenIoT-device-TOD and IoT network TOD. In case of small cell RU (or basestation) a local IoT device or UE close to the antenna of small cell RUis needed if the operating coverage radius of small cell RU or basestation is less than 100 (330 feet) meters.

In cases that two independent IoT devices obtain TOD from twoindependent base station (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, orproprietary) their obtained TOD will be different with an unspecifiedand random error. However, if all Base stations (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFiwireless router, or proprietary) use a local IoT device which is closeto the transmitter and receiver antenna, then all IoT devicesirrespective of their base station will have the same TOD with verynegligible error. Using a local IoT device near base station antennaalso allows to use time alignment or time advance to estimate thedistance of an IoT device from the base station it is communicatingwith.

There is another issue when IoT device uses IEEE1588 PTP to obtain TODfrom base station (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, orproprietary). Both IoT device and base station use different time fortransmit and receive processing. This processing time may dynamicallychange due to load. Therefore, to use PTP the processing delay andpropagation (up to transmit antenna port and from receiver antenna port)delay in transmit and receive paths for both IoT device and base stationare required to be known and considered in PTP messages. It is easy forIoT device to consider the delay in transmit and receive path in its PTPmessages. Base station uses components from various suppliers and caneither use a local IoT device to estimate the processing and propagation(within transmitter and receiver) delay or use SON (self-organizingnetwork) to estimate the processing and propagation delay. However, itmay not be possible to estimate the delay with acceptable accuracy andthe error depends on the point or port in base station link that PTPmessages are generated and terminated.

The advantage of unidirectional transmission of TOD from base station(eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, or proprietary) to IoT device isthat it is simple, more accurate, only IoT device receiver is involvedfor stationary IoT devices, and all stationary IoT devices (master orslave) can independently obtain TOD by only having a receiver thatreceives the base station downlink signal. Stationary IoT devices timealignment or time advance is constant because base station uses a localIoT device which set the reference and is stationary. Therefore, allstationary IoT devices use their time alignment or time advance (whichindicates the distance between IoT device and base station) that doesnot change and is constant to adjust the TOD they receive from basestation to the current TOD base stations (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wirelessrouter, or proprietary) has at the time IoT device receives the old TOD.

In cases that a base station (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, orproprietary) in its system information sends its location coordinates,IoT devices do not need to use time alignment to adjust their time ofday to base station current TOD. In this scenario, IoT device only usesits receiver to obtain the TOD. The TOD is transmitted to IoT deviceusing base station's (RU, RRU) system information, cyclic prefix,downlink unused subcarriers, and downlink unused messages. The TOD is atthe antenna port of base station (RU, RRU). IoT device uses its ownlocation coordinates obtained from a GPS receiver and base station'slocation coordinates received through system information to estimate itsdistance from base station (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router, orproprietary). Then IoT device uses its distance from base station(converted to nanosecond) to adjust and synchronize the received TODfrom base station (RU, RRU) to the time of day at the base station. Byusing this technique with a simple receiver an IoT device can obtain acurrent TOD from a base station (eNodeB, gNodeB, WiFi wireless router,or proprietary). Using location coordinates in estimating TOD by an IoTdevice is not without any error. Simple GPS receivers estimate thelocation coordinates within 5 meters (or 15 nanosecond). Therefore, ifwe assume maximum location coordinate error at IoT device and the basestation then the adjusted TOD at IoT device could have a maximum errorof 30 nanosecond. This is an acceptable error because TOD obtained froma GPS receiver is within 100 nanosecond error from UTC time of day. Incase of mobile base station (low earth orbit satellite RU) the vehicleappears stationary to the mobile base station due to small propagationdelay (around 20 milliseconds) from mobile base station (low earth orbitRU) to moving vehicle. In 20 millisecond a vehicle with 70 miles an hourspeed moves around 2 feet. Therefore, if mobile base station (low earthorbit RU) in its system information sends its location coordinates and atime stamp indicating the TOD at the antenna of the RU then movingvehicle can calculates its distance from the base station (low earthorbit RU) and update its TOD. To do this the mobile base stationrequires to update its location coordinate with high frequency(proportional to its speed) to minimize the error in calculating thedistance between moving vehicle and the mobile base station (low earthorbit RU) and updated TOD at moving vehicle. In case the mobile basestation is a balloon the propagation delay between IoT device (themoving vehicle) and the balloon is low and may be comparable withterrestrial base station. Both moving vehicle and the balloon have lowspeed. Therefore, a moving balloon base station looks similar toterrestrial base station for moving vehicle.

An IoT device can also obtain or update its TOD using another IoT devicein its surrounding environment. All IoT devices obtain their locationcoordinates from GPS or other means. IoT devices also include theirlocation coordinates in their broadcast and Ethernet packets when one istransmitted. An IoT device can use its own location coordinates and thelocation coordinate of another IoT device to estimate the distancebetween them. Then an IoT device uses its distance from another IoTdevice, and the time stamp it receives from another IoT device to updateits own TOD.

FIG. 9D illustrates method 840 where IoT device uses cyclic prefix orunused subcarriers to obtain time of day (TOD). The eNodeB or gNodeB 842uses either GPS receiver 841 or IEEE1588 PTP from master network unit843 to achieve clock synchronization and obtain time of day. IoT1 device844 and IoT2 device 845 with distance D1 and D2 from eNodeB or gNodeB842 both frequency and phase synchronize with the eNodeB or gNodeB 842using over the air protocol. IoT1 device 844 and IoT2 device 845 receiveTOD information through cyclic prefix, unused sub-carriers, unused bits,or messages from eNodeB or gNodeB 842. Since IoT1 device and IoT2 deviceare at difference distances D1 and D2 from eNodeB or gNodeB 842 thentime alignment or time advance is used to adjust time of day that IoT1device and IoT2 device received from eNodeB or gNodeB 842. Timealignment or time advance for adjusting TOD may also consider thereceived signal propagation time between antenna port and decoder ofIoT1 device or/and IoT2 device. For higher accuracy, IoT1 and IoT2devices in addition to time advance or time alignment could adjust TODby considering the transmit signal propagation time between modulatorand antenna port and the propagation time from their antenna port totheir detector.

FIG. 10A depicts Ethernet frame 870 and broadcast frame 880.

In one embodiment the broadcast frame 880 uses similar structure asEthernet frame 870.

In one embodiment the broadcast frame 880 sends the time of day in thepayload.

In one embodiment the broadcast frame 880 instead of sending destinationaddress sends the time of day.

In another embodiment the source address (which is a media accesscontrol MAC address) of the broadcast frame 880 or an IP address is theidentity code of a transceiver (IoT device, sensor, WiFi router, RRU,RU, private base station, or any other wireless device).

In one embodiment, two wireless devices (IoT devices, sensors, andothers) use Ethernet packets or frame to exchange information betweenthem when both source and destination addresses are used to identify thetwo wireless devices. One wireless device retrieves the address ofanother wireless device from its broadcast packet and then usingEthernet packets establishes direct communication between them toexchange information data.

FIG. 10B shows two IoT devices 860. Both IoT1 device and IoT2 devicehave their clocks 863 and 865 frequency and phase synchronized witheNodeB, gNodeB or WiFi clock 864. IoT1 and IoT2 devices 866 and 867 cansupport a wireless sensor transceiver, a Bluetooth transceiver, a Zigbeetransceiver, an Infrared transceiver, a Radar transceiver, a Lidartransceiver, an ultrasonic transceiver, a WiFi transceiver, and a 4G,5G, 6G, or 7G transceiver. IoT1 and IoT2 devices 866 and 867 use 4G, 5G,6G, or 7G transceiver to obtain clock frequency and phasesynchronization from 4G, 5G, 6G, or 7G eNodeB, gNodeB or WiFi 864. BothIoT devices support Radar, Lidar, ultrasonic, and Camera.

IoT1 clock 863 increments time of day 861 for IoT1 device 866 and IoT2clock 865 increments time of day 862 for IoT2 device 867. Both IoTdevices 866 and 867 use eNodeB, gNodeB 864, or WiFi to achieve clockfrequency and phase synchronization as well as obtaining time of day 861and 862. IoT1 device 866 and IoT2 device 867 can also use GPS to obtaintime of day and the clock. IoT1 device 866 and IoT2 device 867 shouldhave their transmit frequency +/−0.1 part per million (PPM) accuratecompared with the frequency they receive from eNodeB or gNodeB 864.Worst case scenario is when IoT1 device 866 transmit frequency is +0.1PPM compared with received frequency and IoT2 device 867 transmitfrequency is −0.1 PPM compared with received frequency from eNodeB orgNodeB 864. A difference of 0.2 PPM between IoT1 clock 863 and IoT2clock 865 produce very negligible error when used for incrementing IoT1time of day 861 and IoT2 time of day 862. In addition, IoT1 clock 863and IoT2 clock 865 as well as IoT1 TOD 861 and IoT2 TOD 862 arecontinuously updated to prevent error accumulation and maintain anyerror negligible.

There are several ways for an IoT device to obtain time of day (TOD).The technique or method an IoT device may use depends on type of IoTdevice and its capabilities. The methods available to obtain TOD are.

-   -   a. GPS: Using GPS receiver the TOD is obtained directly.        However, using GPS requires an accurate oscillator or clock that        provides sufficient hold over when GPS signal is not available        for a long period of time due to jamming, spoofing and other        technical problems. A good clock or oscillator makes the        solution expensive and bulky for a simple cheap IoT device.    -   b. IEEE1588 PTP: If the IoT device can communicate with IoT        network, then it can use PTP protocol to obtain TOD. PTP        accuracy depends on accuracy of the propagation delay through        various components of IoT network. If an IoT device uses PTP        protocol, then it needs to update the TOD on regular time        interval to eliminate any drift due to its clock. If IoT device        uses an exactly accurate clock with good hold over then it can        maintain the TOD when the IoT network is not available (due to        jamming, spoofing and other technical problems) for updating the        TOD.    -   c. Unidirectional messages: This is another technique an IoT        device that communicates with IoT network can use to obtain TOD.        In this method IoT network uses downlink unused subcarriers,        cyclic prefix, system information, or unused messages to send        the TOD to the IoT devices. IoT devices use the received TOD and        adjust it with their time advanced or time alignment received        from IoT network to have the same TOD. If one IoT device located        at the transmitter RU) of the IoT network, then IoT devices TOD        is the time of day at the transmitter of IoT network. If IoT        network in its system information that it sends to IoT device        includes its location coordinates, then an IoT device only        requires to receive TOD and IoT network's location coordinates        and then adjusts its TOD to the TOD at the antenna of IoT        network transmitter by using the distance between IoT device and        IoT network (distance obtained from location coordinates of IoT        device and IoT network).    -   d. Master IoT device: in a plurality of IoT devices when one of        the IoT devices is a master IoT device and remaining are slave        IoT devices, the master IoT device may have capability to obtain        TOD from IoT network, GPS and other IoT devices (master or        slave) that are not attached to it. Therefore, slave IoT devices        within the plurality of IoT devices obtain the TOD from master        IoT device they are attached to. The exchange of TOD is done        wired or wireless using PTP messages.    -   e. NPS: a component of NPS that provides monitoring of the        environment is a plurality of IoT devices with one as a master        IoT device and the rest slave IoT devices. Again, the master IoT        device may have capability to obtain TOD from IoT network, GPS        and other IoT devices (master or slave) that are not attached to        it. Master IoT device shares the TOD with the controller of the        NPS and slave IoT devices use PTP to obtain the TOD from the        controller.    -   f. Blind search: This is the case when an IoT device can not        access IoT network (IoT network is down, jammed, spoofed, out of        reach, or do not have hold over capability), and does not have        access to GPS satellite (no GPS receiver, GPS jammed or        spoofed). Therefore, the only way to obtain time of day is from        another IoT device that possesses TOD (through GPS receiver,        holdover capability, or IoT network). The two methods to obtain        time of day by the above IoT device are:        -   IoT device during operation loses access to the source of            TOD for updating. IoT device uses the channels assigned to            it for communication and monitors the environment to            characterize the environment during a time window (time            slot). It finds active IoT devices in the smart environment            by receiving their signal (broadcast packet or Ethernet            packet), measuring their RSSI, and retrieving their address,            type, ERP, time of the day of their time stamp. Since ERP            (effective radiation power) of the IoT devices is defined by            IoT network, then from measured RSSI an approximate distance            (IoT devices for monitoring the environment use ERP) between            two IoT devices can be estimated. From time stamp and            estimated distance time of day (TOD) can be estimated within            good accuracy (less than 100 nanosecond). At this point IoT            device has a reasonable TOD and can send an Ethernet packet            to the other IoT device it used to obtain a temporary TOD            and request for a more accurate TOD by exchanging protocol            messages defined in FIG. 10C. The other option is to:        -   monitor the environment with the temporary TOD and during            time windows (slots) with extremely low RSSI send a            broadcast packet and request for TOD. This is done by the            protocol shown in FIG. 10C.

FIG. 10C shows protocol 930 to achieve clock synchronization and obtaintime of day (TOD) by IoT1 device (object) 931 from IoT2 device (anobject in the smart environment) 932. IoT1 device 931 has alreadyobtained a temporary TOD from another IoT3 device based on a blindprocedure. IoT1 device is aware of the frame, frame duration, its owntime slot and absolute time. It is assumed that in any plurality of IoTdevices all slave IoT devices obtain their TOD from master IoT device.In case of NPS slave IoT devices through NPS's controller obtain the OIDand TOD. It is further assumed IoT1 device is a master IoT device thatloses updating its TOD during operation (it does not have hold overcapability or its hold over time finished). IoT1 device uses thetemporary TOD (or its own TOD) which provides reasonable accuracy tosend a broadcast (or Ethernet packet during a time slot with high RSSI)packet (ideally during its own time slot) with a time stamp t1 andrequest for clock synchronization and TOD. IoT2 device 932 (IoT2 devicepossesses accurate TOD and based on the information it retrieves fromIoT1 device packet decides to exchange its accurate TOD with IoT1device) receives the broadcast packet from IoT1 device 931, retrievesthe packet address, records t2 when the TOD t1 arrived at its antennaport, and then sends an Ethernet packet that contains time of day t3(time stamp) at the antenna port of IoT2 device 932, t2 (and optionallyt1) to IoT1 device 931. IoT1 device 931 receives the Ethernet packetfrom IoT2 device 932, retrieves t3 from payload and records time of dayt4 when t3 arrived at the antenna port of IoT1 device 931.

At this point IoT1 device 931 has 4 times t1, t2, t3 and t4 to calculatethe time offset between IoT1 device 931 and IoT2 device 932. Thedistance or propagation delay between IoT1 device 931 and IoT2 device932 do not change during this process (even if both IoT devices move)because this process happens in a short period of time. Therefore, t1,t2, t3 and t4 are used to estimate or calculate the time offset betweenIoT1 device 931 and IoT2 device 932.Time offset=(t2−t1−t4+t3)/2Delay time=(t2−t1+t4−t3)/2Then time offset is used by IoT1 device 931 to adjust its time of dayand its clock frequency to match IoT2 device 932.In method 930 the IoT device that seeks time of day (TOD) is aware ofthe frame structure, frame duration, its own time slot and absolutetime. Once it obtains TOD from another IoT device in the smartenvironment it can continue its operation and continue maintaining itsTOD using method 930. It should be noted that in this case the temporaryTOD is accurate enough for continuation of operation. The reason forusing method 930 is for the IoT device to confirm that it holds theaccurate TOD. While IoT device uses temporary TOD or TOD obtained method930 it also monitors to see if it can receive GPS receiver signal or cancommunicate with IoT network. Once IoT device maintains itscommunication with IoT network or obtains GPS signal, then it continuesits operation as normal.In case of sending Ethernet packet to request for TOD, the IoT devicethat seeks TOD is not aware of TOD, frame structure, frame duration andcan not register with IoT network due to jamming, spoofing, andunavailability. It is also assumed that IoT device does not receive GPSsignal to obtain TOD and location coordinates due to jamming, spoofing,and unavailability. However, IoT device is aware of the frequency andbandwidth available to it for ranging and sending broadcast and Ethernetpackets.IoT device uses its ranging frequency and channel to monitor the smartenvironment and detect broadcast or Ethernet packets from other IoTdevices and measures their RSSI. Then IoT device uses the RSSI fromanother IoT device with highest value to estimate its distance from theother IoT device. The estimated distance defines the propagation delaybetween two IoT devices. IoT device also retrieves the address, TOD ofthe time stamp of the other IoT device at its antenna port, then addsthe propagation delay time to the time stamp's TOD to estimate atemporary TOD (this TOD includes the receiver path delay). Thistemporary TOD is close to actual TOD. For more accurate TOD the IoTdevice can use protocol 930.At this point, IoT device tries to retrieve time stamp of twoconsecutive broadcast packets from another IoT device and uses the TODof two consecutive time stamps to calculate the frame duration. Ofcourse, it is assumed here that IoT devices operating in the smartenvironment use time stamp for ranging in addition of other techniques(RADAR, LIDAR, CAMERA. etc.) used for ranging. It is also assumed thatthere is no stationary object in IoT device vicinity to obtain frameinformation from its broadcast or Ethernet packet. It is possible toobtain frame information from an moving object broadcast or Ethernetpacket but this information from a stationary object is more reliable.Since at this point IoT device still has no access to IoT network toobtain its absolute time and time slot, then it faces two options. Oneoption is to wait until connection is resumed. A second option has twoscenarios based on the object that uses the IoT device. If the object isstationary, then it receives broadcast and Ethernet packets from otherIoT devices in the smart environment and stablishes if a moving objectis approaching based on the RSSI of the received broadcast or Ethernetpacket from the moving object's IoT device. If this is the case thestationary IoT device uses one of empty time slots (Time slot durationcan be estimated by receiving broadcast or Ethernet packets from twoadjacent time slots with reasonable RSSI. The time stamps from these twoadjacent time slots are used to estimate the duration of the time slot)to send an Ethernet packet to the approaching moving object's IoT deviceand initiate a distance measurement. This measured distant is availableto stationary object's IoT device and moving object's IoT device andallows the moving object's NPS takes appropriate action.If the object is a moving object, then uses similar procedure explainedabove for the stationary object to estimate the duration of time slot.Once the moving object's IoT device estimates TOD, and time slotduration, then it can also figure out the structure of time slot. Themoving object's NPS from the detected information data (DID) from itsmaster IoT device and plurality of slave IoT devices retrieves the framestructure, frame duration, time slot structure, time slot duration, andtime slots that are not used in the vicinity of the moving object.Moving object's NPS uses its artificial intelligent algorithm anddetected information data to define the best operation information data(OID) for its master IoT device and plurality of slave IoT devices. Thisprocess continues until moving object's master IoT device resumecommunication with IoT network. If all IoT devices in their broadcastand Ethernet packet share the operation frame information (duration,start TOD of first frame, number of time slots within the operationframe, time slot duration, etc.) any IoT device that belongs to anobject (moving, flying and stationary) can obtain operation frameinformation and time slot duration.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a navigation and protection system(NPS) for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900. In general, the NPS forvehicle/object (IoT device) 900 performs navigation and providesexternal body protection by applying voltage to two ends of anexpandable pad, and/or inflating a multilayer airbag, and/or releasingcompressed air. The NPS through its IoT transceiver (master IoT device)904 registers with an IoT network and receives an operation informationdata (OID) related to NPS's operation. NPS for vehicle/object (IoTdevice) 900 uses the OID from IoT network and detected information data(DID) from various sensors (including slave IoT devices) 901 ₁ to 901_(i) to detect any malfunction of the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 orapproaching of any external objects that results in an impact. When NPSdetects a potential impact based on its artificial intelligencealgorithm analyses of the DID received from sensors (wireless sensor,internal sensors, internal devices, and slave IoT devices) 901 ₁ to 901_(i), broadcasts its problem to the IoT network and activates one ormore of the expandable pads/compressed air 902 ₁ to 902 _(j) or/and oneor more of the multilayer airbags 903 ₁ to 903 _(k) to minimize thedamage to the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 due to impact. NPS alsouses the received DID to navigate the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900when no imminent impact is detected.

NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 includes, among other things,sensors 901 ₁ to 901 _(i) (including wireless sensors and slave IoTdevices), IoT transceiver (master IoT device) 904, expandablepads/compressed air 902 ₁ to 902 _(j), and multilayer airbags 903 ₁ to903 _(k).

In one embodiment the NPS acts as a standalone IoT device used byvarious objects.

In one embodiment the NPS obtains time of day (TOD) and calendar datedirectly or through the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 that uses theNPS.

In another embodiment the NPS uses time of day to define a time for theoperation of various sensors (including wireless sensors, and slave IoTdevices) 901 ₁ to 901 _(i).

In one embodiment the sensors 901 ₁ to 901 _(i) are slave IoT devices tomaster IoT device 904 or wireless sensor.

In one embodiment, the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 is a movingobject, stationary object, or flying object.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900,multiple expandable pads/compressed air 902 ₁ to 902 _(j) and multiplemultilayer airbags 903 ₁ to 903 _(k) are mounted on all external sidesof vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 to provide protection for impacts dueto external objects at any external side of vehicle/object (IoT device)900.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, theexpandable pads/compressed air 902 ₁ to 902 _(j) and multilayer airbags903 ₁ to 903 _(k) are mounted on the main body frame of thevehicle/object (IoT device) 900 to provide a firm and strong support.

In another embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, byactivating expandable pads/compressed air 902 ₁ to 902 _(j) and/ormultilayer airbags 903 ₁ to 903 _(k) before the impact occurs the impactforce to vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 will be lowered due toabsorption or diffraction and provides more protection to the passengersof vehicle/object (IoT device) 900.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, one ormore of the multilayer airbags 903 ₁ to 903 _(k) at one or multiplesides of the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 is inflated to protect theexternal of vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 from fall, crash, or impactwith an external object.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, one ormore of the expandable pads/compressed air 902 ₁ to 902 _(j) at one ormultiple sides of the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 is activated byreleasing compressed air or/and applying voltage to two ends ofexpandable pad to protect the external of vehicle/object (IoT device)900 from fall, crash, or impact with an external object.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, IoTtransceiver (master IoT device) 904 resets, and configures itself basedon configuration data stored in its memory and then starts to executeartificial intelligence algorithm executable software which controls allaspects of navigation and protection of the vehicle/object (IoT device)900 using the DID provided by all monitoring devices or/and sensors(including wireless sensors or slave IoT devices) 901 ₁ to 901 _(i).

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900,multiple monitoring devices or sensors (wireless sensors, or slave IoTdevices) 901 ₁ to 901 _(i) are distributed at various locations internaland external to vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 and each has a unique IPaddress (or MAC address) which is used to communicate with the IoTtransceiver (master IoT device) 904 to avoid collision or confusion ofthe detected information data received by the controller CPU (NPS enginecontroller processing unit) of the IoT transceiver (master IoT device)904 from the sensors internal or external to the vehicle/object (IoTdevice) 900.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, themonitoring devices or sensors (wireless sensors, or slave IoT devices)901 ₁ to 901 _(i) can be at least one of an image sensor, a wirelesssensor, a Radar, a Camera, a heat sensor, a speed sensor, anacceleration sensor, a proximity sensor, a pressure sensor, a G(gravity) sensor, an IR (infrared), Lidar sensor, ultrasonic sensor,laser and others.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, awireless sensor (slave IoT device) transmits (records completion oftransmission at input of transmit antenna port) a coded signal similarto a unique identity code signal or a unique IP address signal andreceives (record the completion of reception at receive antenna port) areflected signal of the unique identity code signal, or the unique IPaddress signal from objects in surrounding environment of thevehicle/object (IoT device) 900 to avoid collision.

In another embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900,the wireless sensor (salve IoT device) uses the time of completion oftransmission of the unique identity code signal or the unique IP addresssignal at its transmit antenna port and the time of completion of thereception of the reflected signal of the unique identity code signal orthe unique IP address signal at its receive antenna port to estimatefree space traveling time of the unique identity code signal or theunique IP address signal to calculate a distance and an approachingspeed of an object in the surrounding environment of the vehicle/object(IoT device) 900.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, thewireless sensor (slave IoT device) uses a time stamp (time of day)received from wireless sensor (slave IoT device) of a NPS that belongsto another vehicle/object (IoT device) to estimate the distance betweenthe two vehicles/objects (IoT devices).

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, thewireless sensor (slave IoT device) uses time of day (time stamp) of abroadcast packet at the antenna port of transmitter of the wirelesssensor (slave IoT device) of a NPS that belongs to anothervehicle/object (IoT device) and the time of day its own receiverreceives the broadcast packet (time stamp) at its receiver antenna portto estimate the free space traveling time of the time stamp in thebroadcast data. Then the free space traveling time is used to calculatethe distance between the two vehicles/objects (IoT devices).

In another embodiment, the wireless sensor (slave IoT device) uses oneIP (MAC) address to communicate with IoT transceiver (master IoT device)904 and a second IP address for transmitting a unique IP address signalover the air to monitor objects in surrounding environment.

In another embodiment, the wireless sensor (slave IoT device) uses asingle IP4 or IP6 address for both communicating with IoT transceiver(master IoT device) 904 and transmitting a signal over the air.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, IoTtransceiver (master IoT device) 904 communicates with at least one of acellular network or IoT network (4G, 5G and beyond, 6G, 7G), a WiFinetwork, and a private network to provide its own information data tothe network and obtain an information data about other objects in itssurrounding environment.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, theIoT transceiver (master IoT device) 904 supports IEEE1588 to obtain timeof day (TOD) from at least one of a cellular base station or IoT network(4G, 5G and beyond, 6G, 7G), a WiFi network, and a private network.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, inorder to avoid collision, at least one of a cellular base station or IoTnetwork (4G, 5G and beyond, 6G, 7G), a WiFi router, and a privatenetwork broadcasts to vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 a channel, afrequency, a modulation, and an absolute time with a time slot durationwhen its wireless sensors (slave IoT devices) can transmit the unique IPaddress signal (or FMCW Radar/Lidar signal, ToF Lidar) and receive thereflected unique IP address signal (or FMCW Radar/Lidar signal, ToFlidar) from various objects in the surrounding environment in order tomeasure a distance and an approaching speed of various objects.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, toavoid collision, at least one of a cellular base station or IoT network(4G, 5G and beyond, 6G, 7G), a WiFi router, and a private networkbroadcasts to vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 a channel, a frequency, amodulation, and an absolute time with a time slot duration when itswireless sensor (slave IoT device) can broadcast its information data.

In another embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900,the wireless sensor (slave IoT device), over the air, broadcastsinformation data that includes a time stamp indicating time of day, amethod the time of day was obtained (IEEE1588, cyclic prefix, downlinkunused sub-carriers, downlink channels unused bits/messages or GPS),type of the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, location coordinates(obtained from GPS receiver), function of the object, status of theobject, specification of object, the identity number or IP (media accesscontrol MAC) address of wireless sensor (slave IoT device), signalpropagation time through transmitter of the wireless sensor (slave IoTdevice) up to the input of transmit antenna, and estimated mass of thevehicle/object (IoT device) 900. If the object is a traffic light, thenits color (green, yellow, red) indicates the status of the object.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, two ormore type of sensors (IoT wireless sensor, Radar, Lidar, Camera,ultrasonic sensor, laser, and Image sensor) can be used to bettermonitor the surrounding environment of the vehicle/object (IoT device)900 and calculate and estimate parameters of the surroundingenvironment. All wireless sensing devices operate during the time slotassigned to NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 by SOMC through IoTnetwork.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, animage sensor or Lidar (FMCW or Time-of-Flight) is used to monitor thevehicle/object (IoT device) 900 surrounding environment, andindependently calculate and estimate a distance and an approaching speedof an object in the surrounding environment.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, usingtypical objects in an environment an image verification database and adistance calibration database that relates the size of the image todistance of the object from the image sensor is created and stored inmemory of the image sensor.

In one embodiment of the NPS for vehicle/object (IoT device) 900, awireless sensor (slave IoT device) and an image sensor, and/or Lidar areused to monitor the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 surroundingenvironment, and each independently calculate and estimate a distanceand an approaching speed of the objects in its surrounding environmentand use the information data to make a better decision (by theartificial intelligence algorithm) to activate one or more multilayerair bags and/or expandable pads/compressed air.

In another embodiment, the vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 can be anautomobile, a robot, a flying car, a small plane, a drone, a glider, ahuman, or any flying and moving vehicle/device/object/equipment.

FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate two typical street or roads 940. FIG. 12Ashows a road with center barrier 946 and curb 942 at both side of theroad. The road shows two lanes at each direction, but it can have onelane or more than two lanes at each direction. FIG. 12B shows a road orstreet that has no center barrier. In each direction it can have one ormore lanes. In both FIGS. 12A and 12B the lanes are separated with lines944 and 951. Lane lines in FIGS. 12A and 12B also can come with studreflectors 945 and 952. Both roads shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B may alsouse stud reflectors 943, 950, and 947 along the side curbs 943, 949 andmiddle barrier 946. The spacing between studs can be equal or differentand depends on terrain topography.

The above type of roads is also used outside the cities or used to linkstates, towns, cities, and villages. When they are used for linking, theroads may not have the side curbs. When the roads 940 do not have sidecurbs studs 943 and 950 may have some distance from the side lanes.

The studs (curb side, center barrier, and lane lines) in addition tobeing used as reflectors they can also act as fixed objects in theobject control system (OCS). In OCS, studs are IoT devices that assistmoving objects navigation and protection system. The stud IoT devicesneed to be exceptionally low in cost. Therefore, not all stud IoTdevices communicate with IoT network and only limited stud IoT devices(master) communicate with IoT network to obtain TOD and operationinformation data (OID). The stud IoT devices (masters) that communicatewith IoT network are at locations that receive strong signal from IoTnetwork and need lower transmit power to communicate with IoT network.Stud IoT devices that do not communicate with IoT network are slave tothe master stud IoT devices. The slave stud IoT devices are daisychained to the master stud IoT devices and receive their OID from masterstud IoT devices. The studs IoT devices are powered with solar energyindividually or from a larger solar panel that can power several studsIoT devices. They can also be powered by other means.

A master stud IoT device receives one or more time slot with theirassociated absolute times. The number of slave stud IoT devices that areattached to a master stud IoT device is much higher than the number oftime slots assigned in OID to the master stud IoT device. Master studIoT device uses the time slots and creates a specific OID with one ofthe time slots and its absolute time for each slave stud IoT device.This specific OID has a schedule that depending on the environment doesnot allow two or more adjacent slave stud IoT devices transmit at thesame time using the same time slot. Even if master stud IoT device isassigned only one time slot, by using the frame duration (use one ormore adjacent frame) it can create a specific OID for each slave studIoT device in a way that two or more adjacent slave stud IoT device donot transmit at the same time during the same frame duration. This waynone of slave stud IoT devices transmit at the same time. In thesespecific OIDs the effective radiation power (ERP) also could bedifferent but within acceptable and pre-defined threshold. Therefore,master stud IoT device uses operation frame, time slot, absolute time tocreate specific OID. Two specific OID can have time slots in twooperation frame which may be adjacent or not adjacent.

The radiation pattern of the stud IoT device that are located on sidecurbs 943 and 950 is towards the approaching moving objects 941 and 948.The same applies to stud IoT devices that are located on lane lines inFIG. 12A with a center barrier 946. The stud IoT devices 947 used bycenter barrier can have an Omni-directional radiation pattern or aradiation pattern that supports moving objects approaching them fromboth directions. The barrier type of radiation pattern is also appliedto stud IoT devices 952 used by lane lines in FIG. 12B.

Stud IoT devices in their broadcast packet share a lot of informationwith other IoT devices. The information in a stud IoT device as well assome other IoT devices are, number of slave stud IoT devices supportedwith a master stud IoT device, Location coordinates of stud IoT device,density of Fog, speed limit, road barrier stud, road side stud, numberof lanes in each direction, distance to a road curb, time stamp,distance to traffic light, animal crossing, type of road (freeway, dualcarriage, single lane, bridge, overpass, two levels, etc.) number ofroad lane on the left or right side in each direction, emergency lane,distance to next exit, traffic bump, color of traffic light, time leftto change the color of traffic light, height of tunnel, width of thetunnel. Length of the tunnel, distance to tunnel, number of lanes in thetunnel in each direction, no right turn when traffic light is red,slippery road, lane closed, diversion, snowing, black ice, heavy rain,raining, slope of the road, type of turn ahead, speed limit for theturn, hill or mountain at left or right of the road, valley at left orright of the road, animals on the road, downhill, uphill, type of stud(side of road, road barrier, first lane from left, second lane fromleft, . . . , first lane from right, second lane from right, etc.), rockfall, landslide, mudslide, avalanche, debris fall, rockslide,construction, blockage, caved in. For broadcasting these data, a “N”digit code can be used. For some data following the code a value isbroadcasted like speed limit. Some of the above information data arealso collected by various sensors that are used by master stud IoTdevice as well as slave stud IoT devices. The information data collectedby these sensors are send to SD to be stored and will be updated onregular time intervals. SD also have access to the above informationfrom other sources that monitor the weather, traffic, and status ofroads.

SD stores the information data about the detail map of environment,terrain type of the area stud IoT devices (master or slave) and any IoTdevice (master or slave) that operates within OCS. SOMC determines theOID for an IoT device (master, slave, and stud) based on the map, typeof terrain the IoT device operates in, and type of IoT device (IoTdevice used by NPS, stud IoT device, and type of object using the IoTdevice).

FIG. 12C shows a typical country road in mountainous area 980. The roadin mountainous area 980 is a single lane, two lanes (one in eachdirection) with or without center barrier, 3 lanes (one in one directionand two in another direction) with or without center barrier, four lanes(two in each direction) with or without center barrier, and any freewaywith multiple lanes and center barrier.

An IoT device (master IoT device) used by a moving vehicle in certainmountainous roads and tunnels does not receive signal from IoT networkand/or GPS. There are scenarios that IoT device cannot consistently seefour satellite to obtain time of day, and location coordinates. In thisscenario the stud IoT devices (mainly the master stud IoT device) usedby lane lines, center barrier, and roadsides also receive no signal orextremely low signal from IoT network and GPS. These stud IoT devicesare fixed IoT devices and when they are in mountainous areas or tunnelwith no or week GPS and IoT network signal they do not have anyoperation information data (OID) to operate and provide information fora moving vehicle's navigation and protection system (NPS).

When a moving vehicle's IoT device (master IoT device) does not haveaccess to GPS and/or IoT network, unless it has an exactly accurateclock with sufficient hold over it is possible to lose TOD beforegetting out of a blind mountainous area or a tunnel. It will not be ableto update its location coordinate with the shared data base (SD) to beused by shared operation and management center (SOMC) to provide updatedOID for the moving vehicle. In this scenario there are two optionsavailable to the moving vehicle, one is use of manual mode for itsoperation and the other is to operate by relying on less informationthat its sensors obtain from environment. The second option may be OKinside a blind tunnel but it is highly risky when the road is alongsidea cliff.

The above problems and limitation can easily be avoided or cured byusing various methods or solutions for GPS and IoT networks. Thesemethods and solutions are:

IoT Network

-   -   g. Use repeaters or relays at high elevation on top of mountains        that receives strong signal from IoT network and relay it        towards mountainous road (any type of road explained earlier)        and tunnels to provide high IoT network signal level for moving        vehicles, flying objects and the distributed antenna system        (DAS) that provides coverage within the tunnels. DAS for tunnels        is an organization of spatially placed antennas, coax, and        splitters that provide radio frequency (RF) coverage within a        structure or geological area that does not have adequate signal        levels. Using this technique moving objects, flying objects,        stationary objects, and fixed objects in mountainous areas with        or without tunnels can communicate with IoT network to obtain        TOD and OID which contains operation information from SOMC. It        also allows the above objects to update their information data        in SD.    -   h. A second approach is to install several grandmasters IoT        devices powered by solar cell at the top of surrounding        mountains to communicate with IoT networks to register, obtain        TOD and receive the operation frame structure and an OID. All        stationary and fixed objects in the mountainous roads cannot        communicate with IoT network. However, one of these grandmaster        IoT devices can be assigned to several of the stationary and        fixed IoT devices as their master IoT device to provide them        with TOD and OID. If a moving object or flying object powers up        in a mountainous area after a period of power down it can also        use one of the grandmasters IoT devices on the top of mountains        as a master IoT device, register with IoT network, obtain TOD,        and OID. However, a moving object during power down usually        saves and maintains its OID and may only need to obtain TOD from        a grandmaster IoT device on top of mountains (in case its hold        over time for the TOD is finished) and continue operating its        NPS until gets out of the blind area and register again with IoT        network and update its location coordinates (when it has access        to GPS satellites). Grandmaster IoT devices have a fixed        location coordinate, have GPS receiver, and may have sufficient        hold over time when GPS signal not available. A grandmaster IoT        device's location coordinates may be used for stationary as well        as moving objects. A grandmaster IoT device can adjust its        location coordinates by its distance from stationary and moving        objects (as well as elevation) and report it to IoT network as        the object's location coordinates.

The country road and mountainous road 980 shown in FIG. 12C has verytall mountains either side, a cliff next to the road which ends up in avalley, and a tunnel going through the mountains. The road has two lanesone in each direction. The reflector studs on the lane lines and theside curb studs act like FIG. 12B. In FIG. 12C there is a cliff on oneside of the road which makes it essential to have side curb Stud IoTs988 and 985 for better navigation of the moving object 990. It is alsoessential to have side curb Stud IoTs 986 and 987 on mountain side toachieve better navigation of moving objects. The lane line Stud IoTs 989radiate like the lane line stud IoTs in FIG. 12B to help navigation ofmoving object in both direction of the road. Side curb stud IoTs 986 and988 as well as lane line IoT stud 989 acts as master stud IoTs andsupport several slave side curb stud IoTs and lane line stud IoTs. Thetime slots in an operation frame and OID assigned to the side curb studIoTs and lane line stud IoTs by SOMC is based on the information relatedto the map of the road stored in SD. More than one time slots and theirabsolute times within said operation frame may be assigned to the mastercurb stud IoT, the master lane line stud IoT as well as the mastercenter barrier stud IoT if any exist.

IoT devices 981 and 982 at the top of the mountain act as bothGrandmaster IoT devices and IoT network relays. When act as grandmasterthey need to have GPS receiver with high holdover time for times thatGPS signal is not available for any reason. Grandmaster IoT devices 981and 982 also store a lot of the information of SD, and SOMC for when IoTnetwork cannot be accessed. Therefore, grandmaster IoT devices 981 and982 act as provider of TOD when GPS signal is not available and asSD/SOMC when IoT network is not available.

The stationary IoT device at the top of the entrance of the tunnel 983in FIG. 12C communicates with grandmaster IoT devices 982 and 980 (whenthey act as grandmaster IoT devices) to register with IoT network,obtain TOD and OID. Then IoT device at top of the entrance of the tunnel983 (as a master IoT device) propagates the TOD and OID or specific OIDto stationary IoT devices 984 inside the tunnel that are slaved to it.

FIG. 13 depicts an embodiment of wireless sensor system 970 (or IoTdevice 400). In general, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)facilitates estimation and calculation of certain environment'sparameters by transmitting a coded signal like a unique IP address (or abroadcast, Ethernet frame or packet) signal generated or selected by acontrol processor 979 through a modulator 975, a transmitter 973 andantenna 972 and then receiving the attenuated version of reflected codedsignal (or a broadcast and Ethernet frame or packet) by an antenna 971,receiver 974 and detector 978. For example, control processor 979selects an IP address pattern from a pool of IP addresses (or abroadcast and Ethernet frame or packet), send it to modulator 975 formodulation then the modulated signal is sent to transmitter 973 to beconverted to analog signal by digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 982 andup converted to carrier frequency by up convertor 976 for transmissionthrough antenna 972. The modulator 975 also sends the time of completionof modulation to control processor 979. Then the reflected transmit (abroadcast or an Ethernet frame or packet) signal from an object in theenvironment is received by antenna 971 and receiver 974, where it isdown converted by down convertor 977 and converted to digital signal byanalog-to-digital (ND) converter 981. The digitized received signal isprocessed in signal processing unit 980, where it is detected bydetector 978 and detection time is sent to control processor 979. Thedigitized down converted received signal also facilitates measurement ofreceived signal strength intensity (RSSI) to provide to controlprocessor 979.

Wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) includes, among otherthings, signal processor 980, transmitter 973, transmit antenna 972,receive antenna 971, and receiver 974.

In one embodiment, signal processor 980, transmit antenna 972,transmitter 973, receive antenna 971, and receiver 974 are components ofwireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) that could be used forvarious applications. For example, it can be used to communicate with acellular network (4G, 5G, 6G and beyond), a private network, a WiFinetwork, transmit and receive a broadcast frame or packet, transmit andreceive an Ethernet frame or packet, communicate with the cloud, etc.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)receives information about its surrounding environment which includesvarious objects and their types from the cellular network (4G, 5G, 6Gand beyond), the WiFi network or the private network. Wireless sensorsystem 970 (or IoT device 400) also receives an IP address to use forits operation or a pool of IP addresses it can store and use as needed.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)uses GPS to obtain time of day, clock synchronization and locationcoordinates.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) usesIEEE1588 and through the cellular network (4G, 5G, 6G and beyond), theWiFi network, the private network, or another wireless sensor system (orIoT device 400) obtains time of day and clock synchronization.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system (or IoT device 400) 970uses IEEE1588 PTP to obtain clock synchronization (syncE also can beused for clock synchronization) and time of day from a central CPU(controller processing unit) controller that it communicates with.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system (or IoT device 400) 970obtains its IP (MAC) address from a central CPU controller that itcommunicates with.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)receives an absolute time for its activity such as transmission,reception, communication, and broadcasting from the cellular network(4G, 5G, 6G and beyond), the WiFi network, the private network, or thecentral CPU (controller processing unit) controller that it communicateswith.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)communicates its information and parameters to the cellular network (4G,5G, 6G and beyond), the WiFi network, the private network, or thecentral CPU controller that it communicates with.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)receives an information data from its surrounding environment which isupdated in real time from the cellular network (4G, 5G, 6G and beyond),the WiFi network, the private network, or the central CPU controllerthat it communicates with.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)broadcasts its information data to other wireless sensors (or IoTdevices) that belong to various moving or stationary objects in itssurrounding environment.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)fragments its transmit signal to two or more fragment signals, transmitseach fragment signal and receives the reflection of each fragment signalfrom various objects in its surrounding environment before transmissionand reception of next fragment signal.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)supports WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee or any other over the air protocol aswell as physical layer.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) isused for other applications and transmits and receives Ethernet framesover the air.

In one embodiment, signal processor 980 that processes both transmit andreceive signals comprises of control processor 979, modulator 975, anddetector 978.

Signal processor 980 processes an information data transmitted fromtransmitter 973 through antenna 972 and an information data receivedfrom receiver 974 through receive antenna 971. The signal processor 980also provides gain control for receiver and facilitates change oftransceiver operating frequency, channel, and modulation. Signalprocessor 980 typically utilizes appropriate hardware and softwarealgorithm to properly process the information data.

Wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) can be any wirelesstransceiver that is able to wirelessly transmit communication signals.Wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) is disposed on anyphysical platform that is conductive to effectively transmit thesignals.

In one embodiment, communications through wireless system 970 (or IoTdevice 400) are by a transmit antenna 972 and a received antenna 971.Transmit and receive antennas are physically separated to providesufficient isolation between transmit and receive antennas. The transmitantenna 972 and the received antenna 971 can also be common or oneantenna.

In one embodiment, communication through wireless system 970 (or IoTdevice 400) is by a single antenna. In general, at any specified periodthe antenna is selected by a switch and/or a circulator.

Signal Processor 980 has a variety of functions. In general, signalprocessor 980 is utilized for signal processing, calculation,estimation, activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain tothe operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of wirelesssensor system 970 (or IoT device 400). In one embodiment, signalprocessor 980 includes a database that is used for various applications.The database can be utilized for analyzing statistics in real-time.

Signal processor 980 also has a variety of thresholds. In general,signal processor 980 provides controls to various components that areconnected to it. Moreover, signal processor 980 is a high-capacitycommunication facility that connects primary nodes.

In one embodiment, the wireless sensors system 970 (or IoT device 400)uses microwave, or milli-metric (from 10 GHz to 80 GHz or higherfrequencies) wave transceiver.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400) iscontrolled by control processor 979. The control processor 979 controlsa transmit signal duration and number of times the transmit signal istransmitted. Control processor 979 also coordinates the transmit timeand receive time.

In one embodiment, the wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400)can be used for body armors, automobile, robots, drone, and any otherstationary, flying, and moving object/equipment.

FIG. 14A depicts an embodiment of transmit signal for wireless sensorsystem 970 shown in FIG. 13 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) Thetransmit signal has a transmission time (duration) 21 and a bit pattern22. Pattern 22 can be a unique identity code, a unique IP address, arandom pattern, an entire broadcast frame or packet, and an entireEthernet frame or packet which is generated by control processor 979.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor system 970 used in a NPS of amoving or flying vehicle/object defined in FIG. 11, the pattern 22 isassigned to wireless sensor system at manufacturing when it is used forranging.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shownin FIG. 4), the random pattern 22 (when it is used for ranging) may bechanged after being used a few times based on the artificialintelligence algorithm in the controller 979. The change of transmitpattern 22 signal is for avoiding any collision or false detection fromother signals in the surrounding environment.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shownin FIG. 4), the transmit signal 22 (when it is used for ranging) is anIP address (or identity code) unique to a NPS using the wireless sensor970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) The IP address (or identitycode) can be assigned to wireless sensor 970 at manufacturing, in thefield by the user, each time the wireless sensor system 970 transmitsand performs ranging. The IP address (or identity code) can also betaken from a pool of IP addresses (or identity codes) stored in thecontrol processor 979 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) memory or aremovable memory card which can be like a subscriber identity module(SIM) card.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown inFIG. 4), the transmit pattern duration 21 depends on the number of bitpulses in the transmit signal pattern, carrier frequency, bandwidth, andmodulation level. The higher the number of bits in transmits identitycode, IP address, random pattern, or broadcast (Ethernet) frame orpacket the longer the transmit signal duration.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown inFIG. 4), the number of bits in the pattern 22 defines the accuracy ofthe receiver detection (when it is used for ranging).

In another embodiment, the transmit bit pattern 22 is fragmented tosmaller bit patterns, shown in FIG. 14A, to allow use of lower carrierfrequency, less bandwidth, or lower-level modulation.

In one embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shownin FIG. 4) transmits the first fragment with “j” bits, receives thereflected transmit signal from objects in surrounding environment ofwireless sensor system 970, then transmit the second fragment with “k-j”bits, and finally transmits the last fragment with “n-k” bits andreceives the reflected transmit signal from objects in surroundingenvironment of wireless sensor system 970 for detection of the transmitbit pattern.

In another embodiment, the fragment bit patterns can have equal numberof bits, or different number of bits.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shownin FIG. 4), the start of transmission time 21 or start of first bit inbit pattern 22 is an absolute time 20 configured in the controller. Thisabsolute time is derived from the TOD wireless sensor system 970 (or IoTdevice 400 shown in FIG. 4) obtains from GPS receiver, a cellularnetwork (4G, 5G, 6G and beyond), a WiFi network, a private network, or acentral controller that it communicates with. The absolute time can alsobe sent to wireless sensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) bythe cellular network (4G, 5G, 6G and beyond), the WiFi network or theprivate network. The absolute time can be first microsecond in amillisecond, or the nth microsecond after the start of a millisecond.

In addition to absolute time the cellular network (4G, 5G, 6G andbeyond), the WiFi network or the private network assigns to the wirelesssensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) a time slot that startsfrom the absolute time and has a duration which is equal for all objectsthat use wireless sensor 970 in the environment. The time slot durationassigned to the objects using wireless sensor 970 can also be different.

In one embodiment, the absolute time can be any nanosecond within amicrosecond period, such as 1^(st) nanosecond, kth nanosecond, nthnanosecond, etc.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown inFIG. 4), the time of day obtained from GPS receiver or from the 4G, 5G,6G, the WiFi network or the private network using IEEE1588 has accuracywithin a few nanosecond, fraction of microsecond, or fraction ofnanosecond.

In one embodiment, the time of day obtained from GPS receiver or fromthe 4G, 5G, 6G, the WiFi network or the private network using IEEE1588is based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

In another embodiment, an absolute time, and time slot used forbroadcasting by wireless sensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4)in the smart environment 800 defined in FIG. 8 helps to avoid anycollision when various objects broadcast their information.

FIG. 14B shows the duration of a complete single transmission andreception (single measurement time) 24 for wireless sensor system 970(or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) when it is used for ranging. Thecomplete transmission and reception duration comprises of the transmittime (duration) 21, idle time (duration) 22 and receive time (duration)23.

In one embodiment of wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shownin FIG. 4), the idle time 22 is zero. The idle time can vary based onproximity of an object to wireless sensor system 970 in its surroundingenvironment. The closer the object the smaller the idle time 22 is. Inmost circumstances the idle time is zero and after completion oftransmission the wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shown inFIG. 4) starts its reception.

In one embodiment of the wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400shown in FIG. 4), the receive time 23 depends on the monitoring radiusof surrounding environment of the wireless sensor system 970. The biggerthe radius of monitoring the longer the reception time of wirelesssensor system 970 is. Therefore, the assigned time window for a completetransmission and reception depends on the monitoring radius.

In another embodiment, when the wireless sensor system 970 (or IoTdevice 400 shown in FIG. 4) is used to transmit and receive broadcast orEthernet packets the time slot duration depends on three parameters. Oneis maximum length of a packet allowed for both broadcast and Ethernetpacket. Second is the monitoring radius, and the third is error in timeof day that is used to derive absolute time. In real operation it israre to have time of day error (jitter) more than 200 nanosecond andmonitoring radius is usually less than 30 feet which is equivalent to 30nanoseconds. The time of day (TOD) is also updated regularly whicheliminates accumulation of TOD error (jitter). Therefore, time slotduration of 2 microseconds is sufficient for broadcast and Ethernetpackets of an object in a smart environment when a 70 GHz to 80 GHz bandis used. This allows to assign one thousand absolute times with a timeslot duration of 2 microsecond within two milliseconds. Each object isassigned one or more time slot with its associated start time that isthe absolute time.

FIG. 14C depict the object control system OCS frame structure 80 definedby SOMC. Frame structure 80 has a frame TOD 81 that indicates the startof first frame, duration 82, and end TOD 83, a start guard time 84, atime slot 85, a start of time slot or absolute time 86, and an end guardtime 87. After the end of end guard time 87 the next frame starts. Frame80 accommodates “n” time slots where “n” is an integer and is defined byOCS. All time slots in a frame can have the same duration or differentdurations. An IoT device is assigned a time slot (TS) with an absolutetime that is the start of IoT device's first time slot (TS). The IoTdevice TS duration is defined by SOMC based on the object'sspecification. The IoT device is also aware of the frame duration anduses this duration, and its absolute time to calculate the TOD for thestart of its next TS which is a calculated next absolute time by the IoTdevice.

Frame 80 uses the start guard time and end guard time to avoid any frameoverlap due to slight error in the TOD of various components and IoTdevices of OCS. It is always possible to use one guard time at the startor end of the frame. The TOD of the various IoT devices is regularlyupdated to eliminate any accumulation of TOD error (jitter). The guardtime (start or/and end) can be used by SOMC to update operationinformation data (OID) for various components and IoT devices withinobject control system (OCS).

The frame 80 duration and structure are not the same for all smartenvironments. Moving and flying objects with high speed will havesmaller frame duration whereas moving objects in metropolitan smartenvironment can use longer frame duration. Therefore, the duration andstructure of frame depends on several parameters. These parameters aretype of objects, frequency band that IoT devices operate, bandwidth ofchannel used for operation, speed of data transmitted and received,maybe size of the object, type of road or streets, type of smartenvironment (city, urban, suburban, towns, villages, country roads,desert, forest, coast), type of cell (terrestrial, satellite), and otherparameters that are needed for a safe smart environment.

SOMC through IoT network communicates with a master IoT device used byan object (NPS). Master IoT device must conform to all requirements ofthe IoT network defined by standard committees. Master IoT device alsocommunicate with NPS's controller to exchange OID (obtained from SOMC orupdated by controller AI algorithm) and send detected information data(DID). Slave IoT devices communicate with NPS's controller to receivethe OID and send their DID. NPS's controller is aware of features andcapabilities of the slave IoT devices. NPS allows slave IoT devices tooperate if the requirement defined by SOMC is fulfilled. Theserequirements are minimum requirement for an object's NPS to operate indifferent smart environments.

SOMC may assign more than one time slots to an IoT device. The assignedtime slots to the IoT device can be adjacent or in different location inthe frame duration. If they are adjacent, then SOMC assigns one absolutetime which is the start of the first time slot in the adjacent timeslots. If the time slots are not adjacent, then SOMC assigns an absolutetime for each time slot. IoT device uses the absolute time and frameduration to calculate the absolute time for the next frame.

FIG. 14D shows a frame structure without an end guard time. Since aframe is followed by a next frame then the guard time of the next frameis sufficient to avoid any overlap between the frames. FIG. 14D showsframe 60 which includes start of the first frame TOD 61, duration of theframe 62, frame end TOD 63, frame start guard time 64, time slots thatare assigned to terrestrial Radio Units (RU) which also considered asterrestrial frame 65, and time slots assigned to satellite RU which alsoconsidered as satellite frame 66. Terrestrial frame uses “j” time slotswhere “j” is an integer, and satellite frame uses “n j” time slots where“n” is an integer.

It is also possible to assign time slot to satellite RU and terrestrialRU randomly from “n” time slots within the frame. The satellite timeslots duration can be equal or different to terrestrial time slots.

In one embodiment a cluster of adjacent time slots within “n” time slotsare assigned to satellite RU, another cluster (subset) of adjacent timeslots are assigned to terrestrial RU, and a third cluster (subset) ofadjacent time slots are assigned for communication of IoT devices withIoT network.

SOMC as shown in FIG. 14E can assign a subset of time slots to all IoTdevices for their communication with the IoT network, shared database SDand SOMC. The IoT devices can simultaneously communicate with IoTnetwork using the subset of time slots assigned by SOMC. In the start ofNPS operation master IoT device communicates with IoT network in anormal way to obtain OID. However, if master IoT device performs otherfunctions, then after it receives the OID at the start it communicateswith IoT network during the time windows defined in the frame structure.

SOMC can also assign a subset of time slots to IoT devices used byflying objects. Flying object's IoT devices use fixed, mobile, or loworbit satellite base station (eNodeB, gNodeB, or proprietary) tocommunicate with IoT network and SOMC to receive the frame information,their time slots, and absolute times. Flying object's IoT devices canalso use terrestrial base stations (eNodeB, gNodeB, or proprietary) tocommunicate with IoT network and SOMC to receive the frame information,their time slots, and absolute times.

SOMC can also assign two independent frames, one to IoT devices attachedto (registered with) terrestrial base station and another frame to IoTdevices that are attached to (registered with) mobile or satellite basestations. The terrestrial and satellite frames can have independentdurations and start TOD. In one scenario satellite frame with itsindependent frame duration starts when terrestrial frame ends.Therefore, there are two tandem frames with a total duration. In thiscase an IoT device uses the total duration of two frames and its ownabsolute time to calculate the absolute time of its next time slot. Inthis scenario SOMC may assigns the same channels or wavelengths to IoTranging devices attached to (registered with) terrestrial and satellite(or mobile) base stations.

In the second scenario satellite and terrestrial frames are totallyindependent and have their own independent duration and start TOD. Inthis scenario SOMC required to assign different and independent channelsand wavelength to the terrestrial and satellite cells. Therefore, therewill be no interference between terrestrial and satellite channels andwavelengths. However, effective radiated power (ERP) of IoT devices mustnot be high to avoid any receiver blocking.

FIG. 14F depicts the duration of a time slot 31 used for ranging,communication (broadcast packets, Ethernet packets), and monitoring bythe wireless system 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) The timeslot 31 comprises of guard time (1) 32, ranging time 33, guard time (2)34, communication (broadcast packets, Ethernet packets) time 35, andguard time (3) 36. The start of time slot is the absolute time 30assigned to a wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shown inFIG. 4) or NPS of an object. Time slot 31 can be all assigned tomonitoring task, communication task, transmission/reception of broadcastpacket task, transmission/reception of Ethernet packets task, or rangingtask. Time slot 31 can also be assigned to two tasks, three tasks, fourtasks or all five above tasks.

The guard times at the beginning and end of the time slot is to avoidany overlap between two adjacent time slots and tasks. Although IoTdevices obtain their time of day (TOD) from eNodeB, or gNodeB of 5G (6G,7G), WiFi router, or private IoT network but it is possible that theirTOD are different with reasonable error (jitter). The error (jitter)does not accumulate because the TOD is updated on regular basis. Thestart and/or end guard time should be bigger than the highest error(jitter) in TODs. The guard time between ranging time and the time ofother tasks is to avoid overlap and time for processing of data.

In another embodiment, the SOMC through IoT network (4G, 5G, 6G, 7G andbeyond), the WiFi network or the private network shares with eachwireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) in asmart environment the absolute time and time slot of all the registeredwireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4) in thesmart environment. All absolute times and time slots are stored in ashared database (SD) and are managed by a shared operation andmanagement center (SOMC) used by all service providers and operators.

During the time slot the IoT device's wireless channel (propagationchannel) should not change. The maximum time that a channel is constantand does not change is “coherence time” and the maximum channelbandwidth that the fading is flat is “coherence bandwidth”.

Coherence bandwidth is proportional to average channel delay spread. Ifaverage delay spread is larger than symbol time, then the channelexperiences frequency selective fading which results in inter symbolinterference (ISI). To avoid selective fading or ISI the symbol timeshould be larger than average delay spread. Therefore, if the symboltime is Ts and the average delay spread is

then we need to meet the following condition.Ts>

or1/Ts<1/

orBs<Bc

Where Bs is symbol or channel bandwidth, and Bc is the coherencebandwidth.

Coherence time is proportional or related to Doppler frequency shift orchange. When IoT ranging device is moving with respect to the object inthe smart environment or both IoT ranging device and the object aremoving then the frequency of reflected signal from the object changesdue to motion. The change in frequency is proportional to theapproaching speed of the object towards the IoT ranging device. If thecarrier frequency is Fc and approaching speed of object towards the IoTranging device is V, then the Doppler shift Fd is:Fd=V·Fc/Vl,where Vl is velocity of light in free space. The coherence time Tc isthe time that the channel is approximately constant. Tc is related toDoppler shift by following equation.Tc=(¼)(1/Fd)

The ranging pattern for wireless sensor 970 (or IoT device 400 shown inFIG. 4) shown in FIG. 14A can have two different structures. In onestructure the pattern comprises of the ranging pattern only. In a secondstructure the ranging pattern comprises of a synchronization (preamble)pattern followed by ranging pattern. In first structure ranging patternis used for both synchronization and ranging. Using a synchronizationpattern reduces resolution of detection. If the length of pattern isreduced, then probability of false detection increases. To increase theresolution without reducing the length of the ranging pattern higherchannel bandwidth needs to be used. However, higher channel bandwidthrequires higher carrier frequency, smaller delay spread and lowerrelative speed or approaching speed to avoid violation of coherencebandwidth and coherence time. Lower delay spread limits the radius ofranging and lower approaching speed or relative speed limits the speedobjects can move in a smart environment.

One way to overcome the above problem is to convert the ranging patterninto smaller segments. The IoT ranging device or wireless sensortransmit each segment of ranging pattern signal then receives thereflected segment followed by transmission of the second segment andremaining segments like first segment. Depending on application one canuse zero or more segments as synchronization (preamble) segment ofranging pattern.

Let us assume the maximum speed of moving object is 100 miles/hour, thenevery millisecond the object moves 4.5 centimeter. If two objects insmart environment moving towards each other with 100 miles/hour, thenevery millisecond they get closer about 9 centimeter and every 3milliseconds around one foot. Therefore, if the two objects are 3 metersapart and their approaching speed towards each other is 200 miles/hourthen they collide after 33 milliseconds. This time is sufficient for anavigation and protection system (NPS) to obtain required informationdata, to decide and to activate appropriate devices and functions toavoid a collision.

Let us assume the radius for ranging and monitoring (sending broadcastand Ethernet packets and receiving broadcast and Ethernet packets) is 3meters. In this scenario IoT device is used for ranging and monitoringby moving objects (automobile, robots, etc.) and stationary objects insmart environment. If the IoT device is connected to external body ofmoving object and stationary object, then for a radius of 3 metersaverage delay spread should not exceed 4 nanoseconds (IoT device usesdirection antenna with narrow radiation pattern to avoid higher delayspreads). IoT device ignores received signals (reflected, broadcast,Ethernet) that are from objects at a distance more than three meters bymeasuring the RSSI of a received signal and compare it with a table ofRSSI versus distance or uses TOD of transmission and reception ofranging signal.

FIG. 14G depicts the duration of a time slot 41 used for ranging,communication (broadcast packets, Ethernet packets), and monitoring bythe wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400 shown in FIG. 4). Theonly difference between FIGS. 14F and 14G is that ranging is performedbefore end of time slot 41 and everything else is the same.

In another embodiment, wireless sensor system 970 (or IoT device 400shown in FIG. 4) is aware of the absolute times and time slot durations(if time slot durations are different) assigned to all other wirelesssensor systems 970 in its smart environment or operation frame.

In another embodiment, all wireless sensor systems 970 (or IoT device400 shown in FIG. 4) in a smart environment are registered with one ormore IoT networks (4G, 5G, 6G, 7G and beyond), WiFi networks or privatenetworks that are linked and share (SOMC, and SD), control and managethe information (function, type, location, etc.) received from allwireless sensor systems 970.

For a navigation and protection system (NPS) to operate in allcircumstances an artificial intelligent (AI) algorithm is used thatreceives information data from following source:

-   -   a) All internal sensors used by an object.    -   b) Wireless sensors, Radars, Image sensors, Lidars, laser, and        ultrasonic sensors that perform ranging to provide a distance        between two objects.    -   c) Image sensors that provide the same information as wireless        sensor as well as image identification of the objects.    -   d) IoT devices that in conjunction with IoT network provide a        distance and an approaching speed of the two objects towards        each other using time of day (TOD) time stamps.

AI algorithm requires information data from at least three of the abovesources to be able to decide intelligently. Having access to more thanthree sources results in a more accurate decision and better support fornavigation and activating the most effective devices within protectionsystem.

FIG. 14H shows cell planning 70 for object control system OCS used bythe IoT network. Cell planning 70 shows hexagonal cells 71 but othercell shapes can also be used. Cell planning 70 shows threechannels/wavelengths. These three channels/wavelengths C0/L0 (72), C1/L1(73), and C2/L2 (74) are reused to cover the entire IoT networkcoverage. The cells can also be numbered for better identification. Itis also possible to use a single channel or wavelength (C0/L0, or one ofthe other C1/L1, or C2/L2). The channel (C0, C1, and C2) bandwidthdepends on the frequency band in the frequency spectrum. These channelsare used for ranging, broadcasting, communication using Ethernetpackets, monitoring, data collecting, data sharing and other functions.Channel bandwidth and center frequency must meet the requirements of thecoherence bandwidth and coherence time. It is always possible to haveother channel planning and cell planning. In case of LIDAR, Laser, orinfrared L0, L1, and L2 that are the wavelength of the wave is used. Itis also possible to have a cell planning that all cells use the samefrequency, bandwidth, wavelength and when a moving object moves from onecell to another cell it does not need to change its frequency,bandwidth, and wavelength. However, it may need to change its time slotand absolute time. The change of time slot and absolute time can comefrom SOMC. When IoT network is not available moving objects need to finda time slot within the operation frame that is vacant and use that timeslot for operation and continue operation this way (find a vacant timeslot and use for operation) until IoT network become available. Movingobject from information that it receives from a boundary stationaryobject recognizes that it is entering a new cell.

The terrain map of the cells, cell's number, critical peripheralcoordinates, location coordinates of important objects (buildings withheight, stationary objects like traffic lights, junctions, roundabout,different turns, tunnels, bridges, mountains, valleys, river, sea, lake,exits, construction work, closed road, one way or two ways roads,direction of traffic, type of roads, streets, lanes, etc.), andinformation about any critical object (such as stationary objects thatshare detail of operation frame, number of time slot, time slotstructure, number of cell, frequency and channel bandwidth, wavelength)in a cell is stored in the SD to be used by SOMC of OCS. A criticalobject can also be a stationary object located at the boundary of cellsto share the new cell information data explained above.

A moving object at regular times updates its location coordinates in SD.Location coordinates is obtained by a simple low-cost GPS receiver and amaster IoT device used by the object sends it to SD regularly. GPSreceiver can update the location coordinates from as low as every 50milliseconds to one second depending on complexity of GPS receiver. Amoving object through its master IoT device updates its locationcoordinates in SD. The position coordinates can also be estimated by atriangulation algorithm that uses stationary objects in vicinity ofmoving object. Stationary objects in the vicinity of moving objects havefix position coordinates. This is done when moving object's GPS can notsee the GPS satellites.

The cells are assigned an operation frame structure shown in FIG. 14C.The structure and duration of the operation frame can be the same forall cells. The best approach is to have operation frames with the sameduration for all cells. This way only the structure of the frame istailored to the cells. And in the structure of operation frame the onlything that may be different is duration of time slots assigned tovarious moving objects. If all moving objects follow a requirement fortheir specification defined by the standard, then all time slots willhave the same duration and structure. Therefore, SOMC can use identicaloperation frames for all cells in OCS.

When a cell is congested and the operation frame does not havesufficient time slots to assign to various objects in the cell, thereare four options to overcome this problem. First option is to reduce theduration of a time slot. This requires increasing the bandwidth of thechannels that further requires increasing the carrier frequency of theIoT ranging transceiver. As a result, doppler frequency increases orcoherence time decreases, coherence bandwidth increases which requireslower delay spread to avoid inter-symbol interference, and operatingrange of IoT ranging device decreases. Second option is to reuse thetime slots that are used for stationary objects when they aresufficiently apart and do not introduce interference. Second option haslimited application and solves the problem for certain cells. Thirdoption is to increase frame duration (for all cells) to accommodate allobjects within a cell. This option also has a limited application and isnot suitable for cells that have moving objects with high speed becauseit can affect the accuracy of the ranging data obtained by variousranging techniques and cause cell structure of the terrain map morecomplicated. The final and fourth option is to divide a regular and maincell to smaller cells within the main cell and assign the same operationframe to smaller cells withing the main cell. This scenario happens incities with objects moving with lower speed and freeways with heavy andslow traffic. The smaller cells will have shapes (circle, triangle,square, hexagon, etc.) that fit inside the main cell. It is alsopossible to use a combination of the above options without making theOCS complicated.

The start time of the operation frame shown in FIG. 14C is set by aspecific TOD for all cells and cell's channels/wavelengths (C0/L0,C1/L1, and C2/L2). Since the duration of operation frame does not changethen SOMC assigns absolute TOD for every time slot that is used bymoving objects. The absolute time is assigned based on the start TOD ofthe operation frame and the number of frames already passed after thestart TOD. Once a moving object knows its absolute time, from durationof the operation frame it can calculate its next time slots, and thiscontinues even when a moving object moves from one cell to a neighboringcell with a new channel/wavelength (for example moving from C0/L0 toC2/L2). The timing of everything stays the same (when a moving object inits new cell changes its operating channel/wavelength) and the objectstill uses the same absolute time and time slot that was given to it bySOMC at the start of its operation.

It is possible when an object moves from one cell to another cell SOMCassigns a different time slot and absolute time to the object. If thisis the case, SOMC before the object enters the new cell informs theobject the new time slot and absolute time (TOD) which indicates thestart TOD of the time slot.

Three issues need to be discussed here. First is time of day TOD and howit is obtained. TOD is based on coordinated universal time UTC that isprovided by satellite to GPS receivers (American GPS, Galileo, GLONASS,and BeiDou). This time is used by various objects for differentapplications. In data communication system some components of the systemuse GPS and directly obtain the TOD. It is also possible to centralizethe GPS receiver and through a master port propagate the time of daythrough data communication network using IEEE1588 protocol. So, whathappens if something goes wrong with the satellites or GPS receiver? GPSreceiver that produces TOD uses an oven control crystal oscillator orrubidium clock (Atomic clock). These two clocks are very stable and caneasily have hold over time up to 24 hours or even more.

The moving (stationary) object also can use a very stable clock (OCXO,or atomic clock) and obtain the time of day from GPS receiver. The costof these clocks has come down and if the volume goes up the cost will benegligible compare with the price of moving (stationary) object. Thesetypes of clocks can maintain the TOD accuracy within acceptablethresholds for NPS of moving (stationary) object. In addition to lowercost the accuracy and performance of these clock is improving.

Second is the transition of a moving object from one cell to aneighboring cell. Question is how a moving object detects if it hastransitioned to the neighboring cell? SOMC has knowledge of the locationcoordinates of each moving object that is updated every second or less.Moving object using its low-cost GPS receiver obtains the locationcoordinates and sends it to SD through its master IoT device. In case oflosing GPS satellites or problem with GPS receiver a moving object canestimate its location coordination using the location coordinates ofstationary objects in its vicinity using triangulation becausestationary objects position coordinates are fix and does not change.Therefore, SOMC will inform the moving object through the operationinformation data OID that it has transitioned to a new cell (SD has thecoordinates of peripheral of each cell, and cell number) and thechannel/wavelength it needs to use during its time slot.

The third issue is the location coordinates of a moving object when GPSreceiver loses the satellites or cannot see 4 satellites (problem withsatellites, satellites not in operation, or satellite is jammed/spoofed)to be able to calculate the location coordinates. In addition toAmerican GPS system there are three other systems from Europe, Russia,and China (Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou) that can be used to obtain locationcoordinates. There are GPS receivers that can work for all systems.Therefore, the probability that all systems have problem is exceedinglysmall.

Location coordinates help during transition to a new cell by a movingobject. If this information is not available one solution is for movingobject NPS to ask its slave IoT devices to detect all threechannels/wavelengths (C0, C1, C2, L0, L1, and L2) until the problem goesaway. A second solution is to switch to manual operation until theproblem is resolved.

Stationary objects in a cell have fixed position coordinates and alwayshold and share operation frame (duration, start time, number of timeslots, time slot duration, operation frame's number which is resets atspecific TOD, etc.) information data in their broadcast (Ethernet)packet. Moving objects in a cell if they lose communication with IoTnetwork for any reason can acquire operation frame information data froma stationary object broadcast (Ethernet) packet. As explained earliermoving objects can also estimate their location coordinates bytriangulation using the position coordinates of the stationary objectsin their vicinity. In other words when GPS and IoT network signals arejammed, spoofed, very weak, not relayed by reflectors or repeaters, ortemporary not available a moving object has access to operation frameinformation data, and can estimates its location coordinates fromstationary objects in its vicinity and its NPS can continue itsoperation. Moving object can also from stationary objects that are atthe boundary of cells identify that it is moving to a new cell and getthe information data its NPS needs from boundary stationary object.

In case of flying object, the same operation frame shown in FIG. 14C canbe used and some time slots can be assigned to flying objects. This wayinterference in OCS is eliminated. The flying objects before reachingthe desirable and assigned elevation (altitude) by SOMC may use the samechannels and wavelengths SOMC assigned to terrestrial moving objects andwhen they reach to assigned elevation (altitude) use the same channelsand wavelengths but in a larger cell structure shown in FIG. 6.

Flying objects may also have their own operation frame andchannels/wavelength assigned to them by SOMC. In this scenario duringtakeoff and landing they may need to switch to terrestrial operationframe and channels/wavelengths.

Finally, when moving objects like an automobile is parked on the streetit is considered as a stationary object and it can either turn its NPSoff or leave it on. If the NPS is left on, then the slave IoT devicesthat are facing the street function and the automobile still uses theterrestrial operation frame and time slot assigned to it. Solar powermay be used when the automobile is parked on the street to preserve thebattery.

Threats to both services and data are growing in volume and complexity,making it harder to keep up with the constantly shifting securitypicture. Similar attacks are becoming more prevalent on other kinds ofinformation-based smart networks as well, such as those that operatebuildings, utility systems and intelligent traffic systems. Whether theobjective is to steal intellectual property, halt operations or tamperwith data, the tools and the techniques used for unauthorized networkaccess are increasingly sophisticated.

There is increasing concern regarding cybersecurity across industrieswhere companies are steadily integrating field devices into network wideinformation systems. This occurs in discrete manufacturing and processindustrial environments, a wide range of general and specific purposecommercial buildings, utility networks, and even intelligent trafficsystems or networks. Traditionally, electrical systems were controlledthrough serial devices connected to computers via dedicated transceiverswith proprietary protocols. In contrast, today's control systems areincreasingly connected to larger enterprise networks, which can exposethese systems to similar vulnerabilities that are typically found incomputer systems.

Since inception of self-driving cars there has been various types ofattacks on different units of self-driving cars, such as the internalmeasurements unit, LIDAR, RADAR, GPS, Camera, Thrust monitoring unit,Application unit, etc. In such attacks, a vehicle does not prepare asecure sequence of moves to maneuver in a tight place. For vehicles thatare not fully autonomous some typical attacks include Sybil attack,denial of service attack, timing attack, message tampering, illusionattack, and node impersonation. These attacks are also applied to fullyautonomous vehicles but are not subject of disclosure in thisapplication. This application discloses attacks associated with wirelesscommunication and means of detecting and mitigating them for moving,flying and stationary objects. These attacks can be flooding attacks,data playback attacks, data alteration attacks, blackhole attacks, spamattacks, and cryptographic replication attacks. This application focuseson attacks that alter the information data (TOD, OID, and DID) used fornavigation.

The NPS of vehicle/object (IoT device) 900 as a component of objectcontrol system OSC that communicates with IoT network, SD, and SOMC isprone to cyber-attack. Cyber-attack can tamper with the information data(TOD, OID, and DID) NPS uses for navigation and protection. This canresult in various accidents and loss of life. Cyber-attack can also beused to assassinate passengers of a moving vehicle or guide a robot todo criminal acts. There are several ways that cyber-attack on a NPS canhappen. There are two very critical and easy ways of cyber-attack. Oneis through master IoT device that communicates with IoT network (WiFi,5G, 6G, beyond 5G and 6G) and a second way is through slave IoT deviceof NPS that collect DID. It is also possible to attack through Bluetoothand other wireless capabilities that moving object 900 possesses. IoTdevices used by NPS (master and slave) broadcast their information whichinclude operation frame information explained in FIGS. 14C, 14D, and14E, a time stamp that indicate TOD at their antenna port, locationcoordinate, identity number, type of object, and other information data.They also send these information data in any Ethernet packet that theysend to another IoT device. Master IoT device of a NPS receives OIDwhich includes TOD from IoT network. Master IoT device can also obtainTOD from GPS. NPS has access to all these ports and their data (TOD,OID, DID, locations, etc.) and uses its AI algorithm to create asignature and reject any information data which does not match thesignature.

To attack an object's NPS the attacker has three options. One is jammingboth master IoT device and slave IoT devices. This action results injamming all objects with an NPS in vicinity of attacker which results inchao. Therefore, this approach can not be used if a particular objectwith NPS is targeted. Second is Jamming GPS that results in all objectswith NPS lose access to their location coordinates and some to updatetheir TOD. However, the location coordinates of stationary objects arefixed and does not change. An object's NPS through master IoT device orslave IoT device obtains the location coordinates of stationary objectsin its vicinity and by exchanging time stamps estimates its distancefrom a stationary object then from these two data estimates a reasonablyaccurate location coordinate. To avoid losing TOD during jamming,object's NPS can use a clock with long holdover during which TOD is holdwithin acceptable drift. If an object's NPS does not have a clock withlong holdover it can obtain as well as update its TOD by requesting froma nearby NPS that have a clock with holdover.

The third type of attack is a targeted and specific attack at anobject's NPS. This application discloses various ways that a specificattack can be carried out and ways to mitigate the attack. This specificattack is based on altering the data that a NPS needs to operatecorrectly. The data are detected information data (DID), time of day(TOD) and operation information data (OID). The important data in OIDare absolute time, time slot duration, operation frame duration, andoperation frame start time. Operation frame structure and time slotstructure are usually part of a standard known by NPS or obtainedthrough IoT network (from SOMC and SD). Slave IoT devices used by theNPS provide their DID which includes operation frame duration (receivedfrom IoT devices in surrounding environment), operation frame starttime, mac address of slave IoT devices belonging to objects in vicinityof NPS, distance from slave IoT devices belonging to objects in vicinityof NPS (using time stamps), distance from objects in vicinity of NPS(using ranging radar, Lidar, image sensor, or ultrasonic sensor), RSSIof broadcast or Ethernet packets received from stave IoT devicesbelonging to other objects, location coordinates of objects in vicinityof NPS received from their broadcast or Ethernet packets, the TODcalculated from exchange of time stamps with slave IoT devices belongingto objects in vicinity of NPS. Master IoT device communicates with IoTnetwork, obtains TOD and OID which includes operation frame duration,the start time of operation frame, an absolute time, and a time slot forNPS.

The above TOD, DID, and OID can be altered by cyber-attack. If TOD thatIoT network provides for the NPS is altered due to an attack, then allthe NPSs that get their TOD from that IoT network will be affected. IfTOD that GPS provides for NPS is altered due to an attack, then all NPSsin vicinity of attacker will be affected. However, a sudden change whichrequires higher than normal update to TOD can be easily detected. Theamount of TOD increment and higher than normal number of consecutiveincrements in a specific period can be sign of an attack by imitatingIoT network. The same applies to master IoT devices of NPSs that obtaintheir TOD from GPS. TOD can also be obtained by NPS's slave IoT devicesby exchanging time stamps as described earlier. Since there are severalslave IoT devices in vicinity of NPS it means that multiple sources ofobtaining TOD need to be attacked to alter TOD. Therefore, altering TODfor an attacker is not a good option due to multiple sources and ease ofdetecting.

An attacker can intercept communication between an NPS's master IoTdevice and IoT network to obtain operation information data, time slot(TS) information, absolute time for the TS and other information relatedto operation of NPS. The operation information data that an NPS receivesfrom IoT network are operating carrier frequency for ranging, operatingchannel, bandwidth, data rate, over the air protocol, in case of Lidaroperating wavelength, and effective radiation power.

To attack through a slave IoT device an attacker needs to acquire TOD,operation frame duration, operation frame start TOD. By knowing thesethree parameters an attacker may be able to interrupt operation of anNPS. TOD can be obtained from GPS. Operation frame information can beobtained from a stationary NPS or a moving NPS as explained earlier byusing the time stamp of two consecutive broadcast packet of an NPS'sslave IoT device, master IoT device or by detecting the information datashared in broadcast or ethernet packets. The time slot duration can becalculated from time stamps of two adjacent packets. An attacker canalso obtain the operation frame structure and timings from an IoTnetwork.

FIG. 15 shows cyber-attack mitigation 1000 using a signature. Anattacker tries to alter the operation information data (TOD, OID, andDID) to interrupt or force an NPS make a wrong decision which results inan accident with possible loss of life. As shown in FIG. 15, NPS 1001obtains its operation information data by master IoT device 1002 throughIoT network 1008 (from SOMC and SD) which uses a terrestrial radio unit(RU), a mobile RU (which is a flying balloon RU or a low earth orbitsatellite RU) as well as slave IoT device 1003 (through other object'sslave IoT device 1007). The information data (TOD, OID, and DID) isreceived by NPS's controller 1004 and for decision making theappropriate data is sent to artificial intelligent (AI) algorithm.Controller creates a signature from the information data it receivesfrom master IoT device and slave IoT devices. All these devices (1002,and 1003) can provide TOD, operation frame duration, operation framestart time, absolute times for the time slots slave IoT devices receivefrom a broadcast or ethernet packet, absolute time master IoT devicereceives for NPS, RSSI of received broadcast (or Ethernet packets),distance from an external object using ranging (LIDAR, RADAR,Ultrasonic), mac address of external slave IoT device 1007, distancefrom slave IoT device 1007 through exchange of time stamps, time stampreceived by slave IoT device 1003 or master IoT device 1002 from abroadcast or Ethernet packet of an external slave or master IoT device1007, type of object uses slave or master IoT device 1007, weatherconditions from slave or master IoT device 1007, traffic light statusfrom slave or master IoT device 1007, and identity code of the NPS(object) an external slave or master IoT device 1007 uses.

The signature is in form of a database table that its first column isthe identity (source of data) for those objects in the environment thathave NPS (moving, flying, stationery and fix), GPS and IoT network.Column one also identifies four (rear, front, left, and right of themoving object with NPS) rows for each ranging device Radar, Lidar,Ultrasonic, and Image sensor. So, column one is identity code for thesource of data. Column 2 shows type (model) of the object that data isobtained from, column 3 is the MAC address of the objects with NPS(source of received data) in surrounding environment, column 4 belongsto distance of the object in the surrounding environment from NPS (wheresignature resides), column 5 shows the TOD obtained from an object withNPS (in surrounding environment) using time stamp (by the object withNPS where signature resides), and column 5 also shows TOD obtained fromIoT network or/and GPS by the object with NPS where signature resides.Column 6 shows the operation frame duration obtained from IoT network,and objects with an NPS in surrounding environment (by the object withNPS where signature resides). Column 7 stores the operation frame starttime obtained from IoT network and other objects with NPS (by the objectwith NPS where signature resides). Column 8 is the absolute timereceived from IoT network and from NPS of other objects in surroundingenvironment (by the object with NPS where signature resides). Column 9is the received RSSI of a slave IoT device belonging to an object's NPSin surrounding environment (of the object with NPS where signatureresides). Column 10 is the ERP of the objects with NPS in surroundingenvironment (of the object with NPS where signature resides). Column 11shows the time stamp received from NPS of objects in surroundingenvironment (of the object with NPS where signature resides). Column 12is the weather condition received from other objects with NPS (by theobject with NPS where signature resides). Column 13 is traffic lightstatus received from traffic light objects with NPS (by the object withNPS where signature resides). Column 14 is miscellaneous data receivedfrom various objects (by the object with NPS where signature resides).Columns of the signature database table with variable data (distance,RSSI, time stamp, weather condition, traffic light status, andmiscellaneous data) have a defined tolerance. In case of the columns ofthe signature database table with fixed data (operation frame duration,start of operation frame, ERP, TOD, absolute time, and weathercondition), if the data from one source changes, it is expected thatdata from other sources change to the same value. An example isoperation frame duration. If an IoT network changes operation frameduration, then all objects attached to the IoT network change theiroperation frame duration to the new value at the same time. The NPSreceives the fixed data from different sources, and it is not easy foran attacker to alter these data. If this happens and an attacker altersthese data through one of the sources, by using the signature databasetable it will be detected and ignored and the attacker will beidentified and may be reported.

Based on the above if an attacker imitates the IoT network it can onlyalter the fixed operation data that an object's NPS obtains from IoTnetwork. Since the object's NPS also obtains the TOD, structure ofoperation frame (duration, and start time), and absolute times fromother sources (object's NPS) in its vicinity and all these data are inits signature database table it will easily detect by the itscontroller's artificial intelligence (AI) whether the operationinformation data from IoT network is from an attacker.

If an attacker tries targeted attack to alter data through slave IoT ormaster IoT device of an object's NPS then it requires to synchronize itsoperation with the object's NPS. To do this attacker first needs toobtain TOD from GPS or IoT network. Next attacker needs to obtainoperation frame information. There are two ways of obtaining operationframe information and they are:

-   -   register with IoT network as a moving object with an NPS to        obtain operation frame information, a time slot, and an absolute        time. At this point attacker can transmit and receive broadcast        and Ethernet packets. To attack a specific object's NPS the        attacker needs to find the address of broadcast or Ethernet        packet of the object's NPS. Attacker first needs to identify the        time slot of the object's NPS that wants to attack. This is not        a simple task unless attacker gets close to the object's NPS        that is subject of attack. Let's assume that attacker finds the        time slot of the object's NPS. Attacker can not alter any of the        fixed data that object's NPS uses for operation because object's        NPS has multiple sources for the fixed data in the signature        database table. If object's NPS does not use other devices for        ranging (Radar, Lidar, ultrasonic sensor, or image sensor) to        provide distance of other objects in the surrounding        environment, then the attacker may be able to force the object's        NPS make a wrong decision by activating the wrong protection        device or navigation device which may results in accident and        loss of life. This is not easy because the attacker must get        several parameters right. These parameters as explained in FIG.        10C and elsewhere are operating frequency band, operating        channel, operating modulation, operating delay spread, Doppler        shift, ERP, RSSI, t1, and t4. The probability that attacker has        all the parameters right is extremely low and if the attacker        gets everything right the worst decision that the AI of an        object's NPS makes is to activate the protection devices. If        attacker imitates a traffic light and try to broadcast fake        traffic light information the fake data will be detected because        object's NPS has the surrounding area map information. If there        is a traffic light, object's NPS receives the traffic light        status from broadcast packets from various sources in its        surrounding environment and from traffic light IoT device 1007.    -   obtain TOD from GPS or IoT network, then monitor broadcast        packets and Ethernet packets from objects in surrounding        environment that have NPS. Next attacker can retrieve time stamp        from two consecutive broadcast packet belonging to the same        source to obtain operation frame information. Attacker also can        retrieve time stamp for two consecutive packets that belong to        two different sources to calculate a time slot duration. Once        attacker obtains all these data, next needs to find the time        slot that belongs to the object's NPS targeted for attack. An        attacker can also obtain most of above operation information        data by detecting a broadcast packet or Ethernet packet from an        object in vicinity of attacker provided the data is not        encrypted and if the data is encrypted it can decrypt the data.    -   If attacker obtains all these data, like the scenario that was        explained above faces a very difficult task to make the object's        NPS that is being attacked to make a wrong decision.

Various embodiments are thus described. While embodiments have beendescribed, it should be appreciated that the embodiments should not beconstrued as limited by such description, but rather construed accordingto the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An object control system (OCS) configuredto control an object that is at least one of a moving object, a flyingobject, and a stationary object in a smart environment, the systemcomprising: a plurality of cells with an area in a square meter or feetto cover the smart environment; a cell within said plurality of cellshas at least one of a square shape, a circle shape, a hexagon shape, andan arbitrary shape; an operation frame for said cell that has a durationtime and a start time of a first frame; an Internet of Things (IoT)device used by said object during operation within said cell ortransition to a neighbor cell to communicate with at least one of an IoTnetwork, and a broadcast packet of said stationary object located at aboundary of said neighbor cell to: obtain an operation information datathat includes a time of day (TOD), said duration time, a time slot, atime slot duration, and an absolute time that is a start TOD of saidtime slot, a frequency, a bandwidth, and a wavelength; and afterreceiving the operation information data, it use the operationinformation data to perform at least one of a ranging of said neighborcell in the smart environment, and a transmission or reception of abroadcast packet; said object that is being controlled by said OCS, usessaid time slot within the operation frame in said cell to activate aplurality of devices that help navigation in said cell.
 2. The OCS ofclaim 1, wherein said plurality of cells have at least one of an equalarea and a different area.
 3. The OCS of claim 2, further said cell isdivided in smaller cells in a location that is at least one of a bigcity with congested traffic, said cell with a low-speed limit, a heavytraffic road, and a heavy traffic freeway.
 4. The OCS of claim 1,wherein the operation frame is the same for each said cell within saidplurality of cells.
 5. The OCS of claim 1, wherein said object in saidcell within said plurality of cells uses said frequency, said bandwidth,and said wavelength to monitor said smart environment.
 6. The OCS ofclaim 5, further said frequency, said bandwidth, and said wavelength isthe same or different for said cell and said neighbor cell.
 7. The OCSof claim 1, wherein said cell within said plurality of cells is asatellite cell or a terrestrial cell and the IoT network uses a lowearth orbit satellite Radio Unit (RU) or a terrestrial RU to communicatewith the object.
 8. The OCS of claim 7, further said stationary objectin said terrestrial cell that is located at said boundary of saidneighbor cell uses its IoT device to broadcast in its broadcast packetat least one of said operation information data, said frequency, saidbandwidth, and said wavelength used in said neighbor cell.
 9. The OCS ofclaim 1, wherein when the IoT network is not available said object insaid neighbor cell search for a vacant time slot to operate until saidIoT network is available again and provides the operation informationdata for said object.
 10. The OCS of claim 1, wherein a device withinsaid plurality of devices is at least one of a RADAR, a LIDAR, anultrasonic sensor, an image sensor or camera, an IoT ranging device, andan internal or an external sensor.